1.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 – JavaScript/Jscript: Functions Outline 11.1Introduction 11.2Program Modules in JavaScript 11.3Programmer-Defined Functions 11.4Function Definitions 11.5Random Number Generation 11.6Example: A Game of Chance 11.7Duration of Identifiers 11.8Scope Rules 11.9Recursion 11.10Example of Recursion: The Fibonacci Series 11.11Recursion vs. Iteration 11.12JavaScript Global Functions

2.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.1 Introduction Programs that solve real-world programs –More complex than programs from previous chapters Best way to develop & maintain large program: –Construct from small, simple pieces called modules –Technique called divide and conquer

3.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.2 Program Modules in JavaScript functions – JavaScript modules JavaScript programs written by combining –Functions programmer writes –“prepackaged” functions and objects in JavaScript These functions often called methods Implies function belongs to particular object JavaScript provides several rich objects for performing –Common mathematical operations –String manipulation –Date and time manipulation –Manipulations of arrays

4.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.2 Program Modules in JavaScript (II) Programmer-defined functions –Written by programmer to define specific tasks –Statements defining functions written once –Statements are hidden from other functions Function is invoked by a function call –Specifies function name –Provides information (or arguments) function needs for execution Function call syntax: functionName( argument );

5.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.3 Programmer-Defined Functions Functions allow program modularization Variables declared in function are local variables –Only known inside function in which defined Most functions have list of parameters –Means for communicating info between functions & function calls –Local variables –When function called, arguments assigned to parameters in function definition

6.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.3 Programmer-Defined Functions (II) Motives for modularizing a program with functions 1.Makes program development more manageable 2.Allows software reusability Programs can be created from standard functions instead of being built from customized code Example: parseInt(), parseFloat Functions should be limited to performing a single, well-defined task 3.Avoid repeating code in program Do not re-invent the wheel Save time

7.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.3 Programmer-Defined Functions (III) Naming functions –Choose concise names which describe what function does –If not possible to describe briefly, your function is too complex

8.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.4 Function Definitions Function-definition format function function-name ( parameter-list ) { Declarations and Statements } –Function name - any valid identifier –Parameter list - comma-separated list containing names of parameters received by the function when it is called –If function does not receive values, parameter-list is left empty

9.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.4 Function Definitions (II) Function body or block: –declarations and statements within braces Control –Returned to the point at which function was called –If function does not return a result 1.When right-brace is reached return statement is executed –If function returns a result 3.When return expression; is executed Returns value of expressions to caller One argument in function call for each parameter in function definition

10.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Output HTML 2.1 Open for control structure 2.2 Call square user- defined function 3.1 Define square function 3.2 Return result 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Programmer-Defined square Function 7 8 9 document.writeln( 10 " Square the numbers from 1 to 10 " ); 11 12 // square the numbers from 1 to 10 13 for ( var x = 1; x <= 10; ++x ) 14 document.writeln( "The square of " + x + " is " + 15 square( x ) + " " ); 16 17 // The following square function's body is executed only 18 // when the function is explicitly called. 19 20 // square function definition 21 function square( y ) 22 { 23 return y * y; 24 } 25 26 27 28

11.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output

12.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.4 Function Definitions (II) Method Math.max( y, z ) –Returns larger of the two values inputted When writing a function, do not –Forget to return a value if function is supposed to return a value –Forget to surround the function body with braces –Pass an argument to function that is not compatible with expected data type

13.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Define variables and prompt user for values 1.2 Convert strings to integers 2.1 Execute user- defined function maxValue 3.1 Print results 4.1 Define function maxValue 1 2 3 4 5 6 Finding the Maximum of Three Values 7 8 9 var input1 = window.prompt( "Enter first number", "0" ); 10 var input2 = window.prompt( "Enter second number", "0" ); 11 var input3 = window.prompt( "Enter third number", "0" ); 12 13 var value1 = parseFloat( input1 ); 14 var value2 = parseFloat( input2 ); 15 var value3 = parseFloat( input3 ); 16 17 var maxValue = maximum( value1, value2, value3 ); 18 19 document.writeln( "First number: " + value1 + 20 " Second number: " + value2 + 21 " Third number: " + value3 + 22 " Maximum is: " + maxValue ); 23 24 // maximum method definition (called from line 17) 25 function maximum( x, y, z ) 26 { 27 return Math.max( x, Math.max( y, z ) ); 28 } 29 30 31 32 33 Click Refresh (or Reload) to run the script again 34 35

14.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. User Input Script Output

15.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.5 Random Number Generation Commonly used in simulations and gaming Method Math.random –Returns floating-point value between 0 and 1, inclusive –Every value in the range has an equal chance (or probability) of being chosen each time random called Math.floor( argument ); –Rounds down the argument to the next integer

16.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.5 Random Number Generation Random numbers Format for range of consecutive integers: –For a value in a specific range of consecutive integers, use following format: Math.floor( a + Math.random() * b ); –a is the shifting value Equal to the first number in the desired range –b is the scaling factor Equal to the width of the desired range –Also possible to choose from sets of values other than ranges of consecutive integers

17.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Initialize variable 2.1 Initialize HTML TABLE 3.1 Start for structure 3.2 Set value to random value 3.2.1 Call Math.random 3.2.2 Set desired range for random number generation 3.3.3 Call Math.floor 4.1 Print results 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shifted and Scaled Random Integers 7 8 9 var value; 10 11 document.writeln( " Random Numbers " + 12 " " ); 13 14 for ( var i = 1; i <= 20; i++ ) { 15 value = Math.floor( 1 + Math.random() * 6 ); 16 document.writeln( " " + value + " " ); 17 18 if ( i % 5 == 0 && i != 20 ) 19 document.writeln( " " ); 20 } 21 22 document.writeln( " " ); 23 24 25 26 27 Click Refresh (or Reload) to run the script again 28 29

18.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Outputs

19.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Initialize variable and set values 2.1 Start for structure 2.2 set face to random integer between 1-6 3.1 Start switch structure 3.2 Enter case for every possible dice roll 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roll a Six-Sided Die 6000 Times 7 8 9 var frequency1 = 0, frequency2 = 0, 10 frequency3 = 0, frequency4 = 0, 11 frequency5 = 0, frequency6 = 0, face; 12 13 // summarize results 14 for ( var roll = 1; roll <= 6000; ++roll ) { 15 face = Math.floor( 1 + Math.random() * 6 ); 16 17 switch ( face ) { 18 case 1: 19 ++frequency1; 20 break; 21 case 2: 22 ++frequency2; 23 break; 24 case 3: 25 ++frequency3; 26 break; 27 case 4: 28 ++frequency4; 29 break; 30 case 5: 31 ++frequency5; 32 break; 33 case 6:

20.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 4.1 Close switch structure 4.2 Close for structure 5.1 Print results in HTML TABLE 34 ++frequency6; 35 break; 36 } 37 } 38 39 document.writeln( " " ); 40 document.writeln( " Face " + 41 " Frequency " ); 42 document.writeln( " 1 " + frequency1 + 43 " " ); 44 document.writeln( " 2 " + frequency2 + 45 " " ); 46 document.writeln( " 3 " + frequency3 + 47 " " ); 48 document.writeln( " 4 " + frequency4 + 49 " " ); 50 document.writeln( " 5 " + frequency5 + 51 " " ); 52 document.writeln( " 6 " + frequency6 + 53 " " ); 54 55 56 57 58 Click Refresh (or Reload) to run the script again 59 60

21.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output from First Execution

22.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output from Second Execution

23.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.6 Example: A Game of Chance Program can also receive input from user through forms (discussed in HTML chapters) GUI - Graphical User Interface –Any user interaction with a GUI is called an event –Event handling – JavaScript execution in response to an event –GUI’s are located in the BODY of the HTML document

24.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.6 Example: A Game of Chance (II) GUI Setup: –GUI is enclosed inside an HTML Form … tags –Every GUI output is defined with the INPUT element –Enter as many tags as needed –Clicking on GUI button element causes an action Function indicated executed when button clicked

25.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.6 Example: A Game of Chance (III) GUI Setup (II) Output data to form elements –Within a function, write a statement in the following format: formName.inputName.value = variableToBeOutput; Browser status bar –Print text by typing window.status = “text to be printed”; –GUI’s can also be used for user input (discussed in 11.10)

26.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.6 Example: A Game of Chance (IV) Rules of “craps” –Player rolls 2 dice (6 faces/die, range: 1-6) –Sum of spots on two upward faces calculate If sum equals 7 or 11 – player wins If sum equals 2, 3 or 12 on first throw (called “craps”) – player loses  If sum equals 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 or 10 on first throw – sum is players “point” –If game not over after first roll, player continues rolling If rolls sum equal to his “point” – player wins if rolls 7 before matching his “point” – player loses  –Player continues rolling until game over

27.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Initialize variables and set values 2.1 Define function play() 2.2 Start if structure 2.3 Start switch structure 2.4 Define switch case actions 2.4.1 Print values of dice rolled 1 2 3 4 5 6 Program that Simulates the Game of Craps 7 8 9 // variables used to test the state of the game 10 var WON = 0, LOST = 1, CONTINUE_ROLLING = 2; 11 12 // other variables used in program 13 var firstRoll = true, // true if first roll 14 sumOfDice = 0, // sum of the dice 15 myPoint = 0, // point if no win/loss on first roll 16 gameStatus = CONTINUE_ROLLING; // game not over yet 17 18 // process one roll of the dice 19 function play() 20 { 21 if ( firstRoll ) { // first roll of the dice 22 sumOfDice = rollDice(); 23 24 switch ( sumOfDice ) { 25 case 7: case 11: // win on first roll 26 gameStatus = WON; 27 craps.point.value = ""; // clear point field 28 break; 29 case 2: case 3: case 12: // lose on first roll 30 gameStatus = LOST; 31 craps.point.value = ""; // clear point field 32 break; 33 default: // remember point

28.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 2.5 Plan all possible dice rolls 2.6 Plan for player to continue rolling indefinitely 3.1 Define function rollDice() 34 gameStatus = CONTINUE_ROLLING; 35 myPoint = sumOfDice; 36 craps.point.value = myPoint; 37 firstRoll = false; 38 } 39 } 40 else { 41 sumOfDice = rollDice(); 42 43 if ( sumOfDice == myPoint ) // win by making point 44 gameStatus = WON; 45 else 46 if ( sumOfDice == 7 ) // lose by rolling 7 47 gameStatus = LOST; 48 } 49 50 if ( gameStatus == CONTINUE_ROLLING ) 51 window.status = "Roll again"; 52 else { 53 if ( gameStatus == WON ) 54 window.status = "Player wins. " + 55 "Click Roll Dice to play again."; 56 else 57 window.status = "Player loses. " + 58 "Click Roll Dice to play again."; 59 60 firstRoll = true; 61 } 62 } 63 64 // roll the dice 65 function rollDice() 66 {

29.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 3.2 Calculate random dice rolls 3.3 Print dice rolls 3.4 Return dice value to function call 4.1 Set FORM GUI structure 4.2 Define INPUT fields 4.3 Define BUTTON element and ONCLICK attribute 67 var die1, die2, workSum; 68 69 die1 = Math.floor( 1 + Math.random() * 6 ); 70 die2 = Math.floor( 1 + Math.random() * 6 ); 71 workSum = die1 + die2; 72 73 craps.firstDie.value = die1; 74 craps.secondDie.value = die2; 75 craps.sum.value = workSum; 76 77 return workSum; 78 } 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Die 1 86 87 Die 2 88 89 Sum 90 91 Point 92 93 <INPUT TYPE = "button" VALUE = "Roll Dice" 94 ONCLICK = "play()"> 95 96 97 98

30.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output 1 (player wins first roll)

31.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output 2 (player loses first roll)

32.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output 3 (player wins on second roll) Roll 1 Roll 2

33.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output 4 (player loses on second roll) Roll 1 Roll 2

34.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.7 Duration of Identifiers Each identifier has duration and scope –Duration (or lifetime) is the period during which identifier exists in memory. Some identifiers exist briefly Some identifiers are repeatedly created and destroyed Some identifiers exist for entire execution of the program Identifiers which represent local variables in a function have automatic duration –Automatically created when program control enters function –Exist while function is active –Automatically destroyed when function is exited –Referred to as local variables

35.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.7 Duration of Identifiers (II) JavaScript also has identifiers of static duration –Typically defined in section of HTML document –Exist from point at which declared until browsing session over –Even though they exist after section terminates, cannot necessarily be used throughout the script –Referred to as global variables or script-level variables

36.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.8 Scope Rules Scope of identifier is portion of program in which identifier can be referenced –Local variable declared in a function can be used only in that function Identifiers declared inside a function have function (or local) scope –Begins with opening brace ( { ) of function –Ends with closing brace( } ) of function –Function parameters also have local scope –If local variable has same name as global variable, global variable “hidden” from body of function

37.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Initialize variable 2.1 Define start() function 2.2 State start function actions 2.3 Call user defined functions 2.4 Print results 1 2 3 4 5 6 A Scoping Example 7 8 9 var x = 1; // global variable 10 11 function start() 12 { 13 var x = 5; // variable local to function start 14 15 document.writeln( "local x in start is " + x ); 16 17 functionA(); // functionA has local x 18 functionB(); // functionB uses global variable x 19 functionA(); // functionA reinitializes local x 20 functionB(); // global variable x retains its value 21 22 document.writeln( 23 " local x in start is " + x + " " ); 24 } 25

38.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 3.1 Define function functionA() 3.2 Demonstrate function scope 4.1 Define functionB() 4.2 Demonstrate global scope 34 " before exiting functionA " ); 35 } 36 37 function functionB() 38 { 39 document.writeln( " global variable x is " + x + 40 " on entering functionB" ); 41 x *= 10; 42 document.writeln( " global variable x is " + x + 43 " on exiting functionB " ); 44 } 45 46 47 48 49 26 function functionA() 27 { 28 var x = 25; // initialized each time functionA is called 29 30 document.writeln( " local x in functionA is " + x + 31 " after entering functionA" ); 32 ++x; 33 document.writeln( " local x in functionA is " + x +

39.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output:

40.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.9 Recursion Recursive function –A function that calls itself directly, or indirectly through another function Process 1.Function called on to solve problem 2.Function knows how to solve most simple case (base case) 3.If called with base case, returns result 4.If called with more complex case

41.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.9 Recursion Process 5. Function divides problem into two conceptual pieces: 1.Piece function knows how to do 2.Piece function does not know how to do Resembles original problem, but is slightly simpler or smaller 6. Function makes recursive call Invokes fresh copy of itself to work on smaller problem Normally includes keyword return Send result back to previous copy of itself that made the recursive call

42.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.9 Recursion (II) Process 7.Recursion step executes while original function still open Can result in additional recursive calls being made as function keeps dividing problem 8.Recursion termination: Eventually, after a number of recursive calls, function recognizes base case Returns value to copy of function that called it Continues until original function returns final result

43.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Open HTML TABLE 2.1 Open for structure 2.2 Call factorial function 3.1 Define factorial function 3.2 Make recursive call statement 1 2 3 4 5 6 Recursive Factorial Function 7 8 9 document.writeln( " Factorials of 1 to 10 " ); 10 document.writeln( " " ); 11 12 for ( var i = 0; i <= 10; i++ ) 13 document.writeln( " " + i + "! " + 14 factorial( i ) + " " ); 15 16 document.writeln( " " ); 17 18 // Recursive definition of function factorial 19 function factorial( number ) 20 { 21 if ( number <= 1 ) // base case 22 return 1; 23 else 24 return number * factorial( number - 1 ); 25 } 26 27 28 29

44.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Output:

45.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.9 Recursion (II) 5! 1 5 * 4! 2 * 1! 3 * 2! 4 * 3! 5! 1 5 * 4! 2 * 1! 3 * 2! 4 * 3! Final Value = 120 5! = 5 * 24 = 120 is returned 4! = 4 * 6 = 24 is returned 3! = 3 * 2 = 6 is returned 2! = 2 * 1 = 2 is returned 1 returned Procession of recursive callsValues returned from each recursive call Recursive Evaluation of 5!

46.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.10 Example of Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series GUI input setup: –All user inputs (if there are any) are defined by HTML INPUT tag –Enter as many inputs as you want, giving each an applicable name –The form button component allows the user to send his inputted information to the server –Function called in ONCLICK element is executed when event is executed –Function called in GUI will execute using FORM elements as its parameters

47.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.10 Example of Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series (II) Fibonacci series: –0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89… –Begins with 0 and 1 –Each number is sum of pervious two numbers May be defined recursively as: –fibonacci( 0 ) = 0 –fibonacci( 1 ) = 1 –fibonacci( n ) = fibonacci( n - 1 ) + fibonacci( n - 2) Ratio of successive numbers converges on 1.618… –Golden ratio or golden mean Avoid programs with Fibonacci-style calls –Results in exponential “explosion” of calls

48.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Define function: getFibonacciValue 1.2 Define variable from user input 1.3 Print results 2.1 Define function: fibonacci 2.2 Make recursive calls 2.3 Return result 1 2 3 4 5 6 Recursive Fibonacci Function 7 8 9 // Event handler for button HTML component in myForm 10 function getFibonacciValue() 11 { 12 var value = parseInt( document.myForm.number.value ); 13 window.status = 14 "Calculating Fibonacci number for " + value; 15 document.myForm.result.value = fibonacci( value ); 16 window.status = "Done calculating Fibonacci number"; 17 } 18 19 // Recursive definition of function fibonacci 20 function fibonacci( n ) 21 { 22 if ( n == 0 || n == 1 ) // base case 23 return n; 24 else 25 return fibonacci( n - 1 ) + fibonacci( n - 2 ); 26 } 27 28 29 30

49.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Outline 1.1 Open 1.2 Open 1.3 Insert elements with appropriate attributes 1.4 Close and 34 Enter an integer 35 36 <INPUT TYPE = "button" VALUE = "Calculate" 37 ONCLICK = "getFibonacciValue()" 38 Fibonacci value 39 40 41 42 31 32 33

50.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Script Outputs:

51.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.10 Example of Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series Set of Recursive Calls to Function fibonacci return 1return 0 f( 1 ) returnf( 0 )+return 1 f( 2 ) returnf( 1 )+ f( 3 )

52.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.11 Recursion vs. Iteration Common Aspects –Both based on a control structure Recursion uses a selection structure Iteration uses a repetition structure –Both involve repetition –Both involve termination test –Iteration with counter-controlled repetition and recursion both gradually approach termination –Both can occur infinitely

53.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.11 Recursion vs. Iteration (II) Negatives of recursion –Repeatedly invokes mechanism or function calls –Expensive in processor time and memory space Each recursive call causes copy of itself to be made –Iteration normally occurs within a function so overhead of repeated calls is omitted Why choose recursion over iteration? –Good software engineering important –High performance important –Have to find the right mix between the two depending on the situation

54.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.12 JavaScript Global Functions Global functions are part of JavaScript’s Global object –Contains all global variables in the script –Some programmers refer to these functions as methods Global functions and user-defined functions part of Global object You do not need to use the Global object directly –JavaScript does this for you

55.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.12 JavaScript Global Functions (II) Global Functions 1.escape Takes string argument and returns string in which all spaces, punctuation, accent characters and all other non-ASCII characters are encoded in hexadecimal form Can be represented on all platforms 2.eval Takes string argument representing JavaScript code to execute. Evaluates code and executes it when eval function is called Allows JavaScript code to be stored as strings and executed dynamically 3.isFinite Takes numeric argument and returns true if value is not NaN, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY or Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY Otherwise function returns false

56.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.12 JavaScript Global Functions (III) Global Functions (continued) 4. isNaN Takes numeric argument and returns true if value is not a number Otherwise returns false Commonly used with return value of parseInt and parseFloat to determine whether result is proper numeric value 5. parseFloat Takes string argument and converts beginning of string to floating- point value If conversion unsuccessful, returns NaN Otherwise, returns converted value

57.  2000 Deitel & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 11.12 JavaScript Global Functions (IV) Global Functions (continued) 6.parseInt Takes string argument and attempts to convert beginning of string into integer value If conversion not successful, returns NaN Otherwise, returns converted value Takes an optional second argument between 2 and 36 specifying the radix (or base) of the number 7.unescape Takes a string and returns string in which all characters previously encoded with escape are decoded