1. Romanesque Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp

2. Topics Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany High Romanesque in Normandy and England High Romanesque in Normandy and England

3. Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Norman rulers arrived south of Rome in the mid 11 th century Norman rulers arrived south of Rome in the mid 11 th century Influences of Byzantium and Saracenic entangled with northern European traditions Influences of Byzantium and Saracenic entangled with northern European traditions Important structures: Important structures: Norman Cathedrals of Cefalu Norman Cathedrals of Cefalu Church of S. Nicola, Bari Church of S. Nicola, Bari

4. Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Norman Cathedral of Cefalu Norman Cathedral of Cefalu Located in Palermo, Sicily Located in Palermo, Sicily Massive east with choir flanked by lateral chapels Massive east with choir flanked by lateral chapels Twin-towered façade Twin-towered façade Fragile basilican nave with columnar supports Fragile basilican nave with columnar supports Interior featured a Byzantine mosaic of Christ Interior featured a Byzantine mosaic of Christ

5. Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Photo: Sullivan

6. Romanesque Architecture: Sicily and Southern Italy Church of S. Nicola Church of S. Nicola Located in Bari, Southern Italy Located in Bari, Southern Italy A fusion of early Christian with steep proportions of Norman models A fusion of early Christian with steep proportions of Norman models Photo: Sullivan

7. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Structures in Northern Italy had a strong classical tradition, but openness to adventurous spirit Structures in Northern Italy had a strong classical tradition, but openness to adventurous spirit Less conservative than the south Less conservative than the south Reflected the political and cultural individualism of the North Reflected the political and cultural individualism of the North

8. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Cathedral at Modena Cathedral at Modena c. 1099 c. 1099 15 th century rib vaulting 15 th century rib vaulting Diaphragm arches Diaphragm arches Open timber roof Open timber roof Double-bay system Double-bay system Triple-gallery arcade Triple-gallery arcade

9. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Photo: Sullivan

10. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy S. Ambrogio, Milan S. Ambrogio, Milan Triple apses Triple apses Barrel-vaulted forchoirs Barrel-vaulted forchoirs Nave of four huge vaulted bays, aisles, and galleries Nave of four huge vaulted bays, aisles, and galleries Atrium was almost as large as the church Atrium was almost as large as the church Featured a deep facade structure flanked by towers Featured a deep facade structure flanked by towers Rib vaulting Rib vaulting Became a major feature of Gothic architecture Became a major feature of Gothic architecture

11. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Photo: Sullivan

12. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Photo: Sullivan

13. Romanesque Architecture: Northern Italy Photo: Sullivan

14. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Tuscany was fortunate to have a wide range of building materials Tuscany was fortunate to have a wide range of building materials Marble Marble This helped to reinforce the classical tendency of their architecture This helped to reinforce the classical tendency of their architecture

15. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Pisan (Pisa) Pisan (Pisa) Remarkable as a group of structures Remarkable as a group of structures Cemetery, basilica, tower, and baptistery Cemetery, basilica, tower, and baptistery All featured a standard style All featured a standard style Same geometric clarity and sense of volume Same geometric clarity and sense of volume Same decorative system and scale Same decorative system and scale Same color, texture, and materials Same color, texture, and materials

16. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

17. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

18. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Florentine Florentine Rational, disciplined articulation Rational, disciplined articulation Sharp, exquisite Classical detail Sharp, exquisite Classical detail Two dimensional Two dimensional Key Structures Key Structures Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence Church of S. Miniato al Monte, Florence Church of S. Miniato al Monte, Florence

19. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence c. 1153 c. 1153 Interior resembles the Pantheon Interior resembles the Pantheon Centralized plan Centralized plan Freestanding Corinthian columns Freestanding Corinthian columns Exterior elevation mirrors the interior Exterior elevation mirrors the interior

20. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

21. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

22. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Church of S. Miniato al Monte, Florence Church of S. Miniato al Monte, Florence Medium-sized unvaulted basilica Medium-sized unvaulted basilica Interior separated by three large bays Interior separated by three large bays Rich, paneled arcading Rich, paneled arcading Features a half-dome mosaic Features a half-dome mosaic

23. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

24. Romanesque Architecture: Tuscany Photo: Sullivan

25. High Romanesque in England In these locations a new concept of nave wall appeared In these locations a new concept of nave wall appeared Major structures Major structures Durham Cathedral, England Durham Cathedral, England Ely Cathedral, England Ely Cathedral, England

26. High Romanesque in England Durham Cathedral Durham Cathedral c. 1093 -1130 c. 1093 -1130 Linear decorative accents Linear decorative accents Choir-aisle vaults Choir-aisle vaults Nave vaults formed a unique double-X pattern of ribs Nave vaults formed a unique double-X pattern of ribs Shows that rib vaulting was a crucial development for the Gothic period of architecture Shows that rib vaulting was a crucial development for the Gothic period of architecture

27. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

28. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

29. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

30. High Romanesque in England Ely Cathedral Ely Cathedral Photo: Sullivan

31. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

32. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

33. High Romanesque in England Winchester Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Photo: Sullivan

34. High Romanesque in England Photo: Sullivan

35. References Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture

36. Romanesque Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp