1. Engineering History

2. Why is it important to take notes during this presentation?
It helps you remember.
It gives you a way to review for the final.
You can use your notes on the quiz next class.

3. Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs?
We will discuss…
When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering designs?

4. will help you complete your assignment.
Pay attention…
this presentation
will help you complete your assignment.
Your assignment will be to answer the following questions:
What is an Engineer?
Describe what you think might have been the greatest invention of all time (not including the last two hundred years).
Describe an instance when you have invented anything or found a solution that has been useful to others.

5. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C. in Asia Minor

6. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers)
They were becoming less nomadic and more what?

7. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
forms the basis of civilization
cultivate plants - the need for increased food production
domesticate animals - for food and work
build permanent houses in community group

8. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:
Government:
A Ruler makes laws that stabilize community life land ownership

9. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
The results of Government:
organize work force
beginnings of a class society
supervisors
foremen
workers - artisans

10. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Artisans are considered to be the first engineers
Why?

11. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
People discovered methods of producing fire at will

12. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Stone Age 600, B.C.
People discovered how to use rocks as tools.

13. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Copper Age B.C.
People learn how to shape soft metals into tools.

14. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Bronze Age B.C.
Mixing different kinds of metals could make better tools.

15. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Development of a system of symbols for written communications

16. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth

17. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven machines.

18. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
The wheel and axle
Plow
Yoke

19. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”
Clay tile material used for permanent documentation
Clay tablets unearthed which show:
maps of caravan routes
including mountains, cities
and water
city plans
irrigation systems
water supply systems

20. Mesopotamia

21. Tigris River
Euphrates River

22. Clay Tablet

23. Also called Cuneiform

24. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Outstanding contributions of mathematics
Sexagesimal system
divided circle into 360 degrees
hour into 60 minutes
minute into 60 seconds

25. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Among the first scientific engineers
Familiar with basic math
Could figure out areas and volumes of land excavations
Number system based on 60 instead of 10
Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today

26. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Primitive arches used in moving water (hydraulics)
Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers

27. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century
The first recorded use of asphalt (bitumen) as a road building material was in Babylon around 625 B.C., in the reign of King Naboppolassar. 

28. Map of Babylon

29. Gardens of Babylon

30. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian Engineers
Pyramid Age B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops, aka Khufu
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level
Irrigation systems

31. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Had its origin in Egypt
Better known for the intensive development of borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention
Famous for outstanding philosophers:
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Archimedes (mathematics)

32. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.

33. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Even so, greeks were able to come up with a few useful ideas:
Archimedes water screw
Crossbow
Catapult

34. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge from the countries they conquered for use in warfare and in their public works
Superior in the application of ideas and techniques

35. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Hero’s Inventions:
Gear driven odometer on chariot
Steam turbine
Hydraulic clock
Fire engine
All ideas stolen from Hero by the Romans
Who was Greek

36. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat 180,000 miles

37. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts for
Water supply
Sanitary systems
Engineering principles applies to military tactics

38. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”

39. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics

40. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture

41. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

42. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books printed on paper
Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an engineer, inventor and architect
Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges and buildings
Sketches of future engineering devices such as:
Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge
Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint
Tanks

43. The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:
Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight
Earth moves around the sun
Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:
hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
Boyle Discovers:
expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

44. The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries
Hooke Discovers:
material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion
Huygens develops
spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration
Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion
developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

45. The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries
The Developing Industrial Age
James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning and weaving machinery
Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction
Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

46. Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later
Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron
James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engine
At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate the machinery

47. 20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor
Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

48. 20th Century Technology
Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bell labs, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

49. 20th Century Technology
Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines
Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph
Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

50. And the list goes ON AND ON AND
20th Century Technology
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution
And the list goes ON AND ON
AND