1. Managing eco-tourism: an ecological perspective

2. Introduction Define eco-tourism Infrastructure & Population Protected areas & management Studies: Wolong & Connecticut Roads and population effects Conclusion Future Thoughts

3. ECOTOURISM Elements 1. protection 2. local benefit 3. education 4. tourists & infrastructure

4. Eco-tourism = fragile systems Wetlands Coral Reefs Sand Dunes Small Islands w/local endemics Arctic & high alpine Temp, slope, season, degrade etc. More Impact: (Lonsdale et al.1994)

5. Goals: Review effects under eco-tourism plans Belize Nepal China Highlight some studies overall effects specific effects roads, invasives, etc.

6. BELIZE Government role Local guides 27% National PK Corridors Eco-policy

7. Infrastructure to support 46 Diving companies 20 Sport-fishing companies 2 Major cruise ships 19 Kayaking companies 4 Biking companies 10 Caving 10 Archeological 3 Volunteer 5 Horseback riding companies

8. Belize management issues Parks degraded Corruption Water fouled -citric acid Continued deforestation Immigration homesteading Wild hunting Insufficient waste treatment Endangered Plant/Animal souvenirs

9. Nepal issues Annapurna Mt. Everest UMCDP Fuelwood depleted Trail impacts Garbage Food scarcity Open new area No local benefit

10. Ecotourism on Mt. Bromo, East Jave Local benefit Local use Eco-burning Plant extraction Motorcycles Fuel collect #1 Avoid succession Edelweiss Anaphalis javanica

11. Ontario Canada State Park System

12. Wolong, China: WWF Most studied Most money Foreign support Keystone species Largest reserve Most training Most visible Most endangered The Last Panda

13. Wolong: A case study Panda Habitat: Forest Cover Slope Elevation = Habitat suitability Liu, Jianguo et al. 2001. Science

14. Reserve Created 1974 Suitable Habitat 1965-1974 Total area Patches Number + Size 1974-1997 Total area Patches Number + Size

15. Area (ha) (A)(A) Highly suitable (C) Marginal (B)(B) Suitable (D) Unsuitable 65 74 97

16. R=HS Y=Suitable G=Marginal B=Unsuit Gray= Forest White= No Forest Landsat: Remote Sensing

17. Wolong Nature Reserve Human Population 1974 2560 w/421 households 1995 4260 904 households Other activities Fuelwood collection, timber harvest road construction, plant collection tourism

18. Conclusions Forest fragments near non-forest reduced Large tracts of forest fragmented and divided into smaller Panda 1974 = 145 Panda 1986 = 86 Present: Unknown

19. Eco-tourism Road building Increased population

20. 500 natives 600 invasives 1 species/year Natural rate = 1/10000 years Magee 2001 Science

21. Galapagos Population: Access and increase 2002 - 90,000 +

22. Population 2 X 5 year Again by 2010 Fishing exploited Remove 40 mile zone Abbot 1996 Nature

23. Invasive species & population Mauchamp et al. 1997 Conservation Biology

24. A 20-yr turtle study Population effects Garber & Burger (1995)

25. Turtle Decline & Human Recreation: A protected reserve 1974-1993 Two populations: Clemmys insculpta Human population increase=synchronous decline

26. Hypothesis re: Decline Habitat destruction Beebee 1991 Climate Pounds & Crump 1994 UV-B increase Blaustein 1994 Exotic species Blaustein 1994 Natural change Pechmann 1991 Ozone Blaustein 1994 Predation Temple 1987 Collecting Wilbur 1994 Acid rain, aluminum etc.

27. Methods 1974-1993 1000-ha Two populations 100 yr separation 1974-1982 Closed Marked observed 3hrs/wk 20 years Compare pre-post access

30. Results

31. Chaloupka et al. 1986 Study method Inadvertant dispersal 15 Coral Cays 2 tourist 4 camping 1 no population Mode of dispersal Visitation vs alien

32. Results

33. Reserves and protected areas in decline Reserves generally Wolong study: infrastructure Turtle study: population Look at infratructure

34. Road effects Eco-tourisms infrastructure

35. Edge effects

36. Roads effects on ovenbirds: patterns of territory distribution Study

37. Roads and invasive species

38. Roads & mortality

39. Road effects on wetlands

40. Human effects on wildlife Response measurement Flushing distance Approach distance Tolerance distance

41. Humans & plants

42. Human effects on vegetation

43. Conclusion: 1. Few eco-tourism causation studies exist. 2. Eco-tourism must be seen in a cumulative effect climate 3. Infrastructure related ecology needed for management 4. Future of NTFP