1. This Thursday, Oct. 25 th 1-1:50pm: Exam in DUANE G140 Covers lectures and labs (except today’s lecture on microcontrollers) You may bring handwritten notes covering one side of one 8-1/2 x 11 piece of paper and a calculator (no textbooks/lab manuals)

2. Exam topics include but are not limited to: Complex transfer functions Complex impedance Bode Plots and decibels Transistor circuits (BJT & JFET) Op-Amp circuits (open loop, pos. & neg. FB) Digital electronics (but no microcontrollers) … Last opportunity to get help with your exam preparations: Wednesday 5:30 – 7pm in G230

3. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) Microcontrollers (MCU) Networks of transistors, diodes etc. Digital electronics overview Discrete Logic (AND/OR etc.) complexity (qualitative!) processing throughput Programmable Logic (ROM, PAL and CPLD etc.) (not to scale) Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

7. CPU: Central Proces- sing Unit Memory Peripherals Data bus Address bus Microcontroller chip External pins MCU: Microcontroller Unit

8. Byte 0 Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte N bit 0 bit 1 bit 2 bit 7 Address 0000 0001 0002 N Memory block with N bytes of storage space

9. +5V Address 16 lines for 64kB 20 lines for 1MB 32 lines for 4 GB … +5V = “read!” Reading data* * All this is done inside the microcontroller. You do not need an extra chip for this week’s lab. Data 8 lines for 1 Byte 16 lines for an integer 32 lines for a long-int. … R/W Address Data

10. +5V Address +0V = “write!” Writing data* * All this is done inside the microcontroller. You do not need an extra chip for this week’s lab. Data R/W Address Data

11. There are many types of memory Read only Read & write - Program code - Constants - Variables ROM: Read-Only MemoryRAM: Random Access Memory ROM: factory programmed PROM: Program once (OTROM) FLASH: Program ~10,000 times (Can only erase large areas at once. Good for program storage. Cheap.) EEPROM: Program ~1Million times (Can erase small chunks. Good for storing user settings. Very expensive  small.) SRAM: Static RAM. Fast & easy to use. (usually used in MCUs). DRAM: Dynamic RAM. Very cheap Hard to use. Usually used in PCs. (MRAM: Magnetoresistive RAM. Fast & non-volatile RAM. The future?)

12. CPU: Central Proces- sing Unit Memory Peripherals Data bus Address bus Microcontroller chip External pins The Peripherals and the Memory often share the same Address and Data busses. They are arranged such that data and peripheral functions appear at different addresses.

13. “Memory-map” of PIC 16F630/637 Data storage (variables you use in your code go here) Communicate with peripherals

14. Writing to address 07h changes the voltage at PORT C pins A ‘1’ produces 5 V; a ‘0’ 0 V at the output (reading PORT A returns the current voltages at RAx pins if configured as inputs) bit 0 bit 1 bit 2 bit 7