1. PSC 4012 Ionic Phenomena: A study of an environmental problem

2. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Element: molecule of only one element. Example: Au (Gold), Ag (Silver) Diatomic molecules: molecule of one element, two atoms. Example: Cl 2 (Chlorine), N 2 (Nitrogen) Binary compounds: molecule of two elements, two or more atoms. Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride), Al 2 O 3 (Aluminum Oxide) Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. Example: H 2 SO 4 (Sulfuric Acid)

3. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Element: molecule of only one element. Example: Au (Gold), Ag (Silver) Diatomic molecules: molecule of one element, two atoms. Example: Cl 2 (Chlorine), N 2 (Nitrogen) Rules for naming:  Simply state the name of the element (according to Periodic Table)  No need to use prefixes (unless indicated, if writing chemical formula for diatomic molecules)

4. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary compounds: molecule of two elements, two or more atoms. Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride), Al 2 O 3 (Aluminum Oxide) Two types of binary compounds:  Binary molecular compounds (between two non- metals)  Binary ionic compounds (between a metal and a non- metal)

5. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non- metal elements. Rules for naming:  Name first element in formula first (name remains unchanged)  Name second element in formula second. Change its last syllable (or last two syllables) to (-ide)  Use prefixes according to the subscripts present for each element

6. PSC 4012: Nomenclature ElementName in formula Chlorinechloride Oxygenoxide Hydrogenhydride Carboncarbide Nitrogennitride Sulphursulphide Subscript Prefix 1Mono-* 2Di- 3Tri- 4Tetra- 5Penta- 6Hexa- 7Hepta- 8Octa- 9Nona- 10Deca- Page 4.6

7. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non- metal elements. Example: HI  First element is hydrogen (H), stays the same  Second element is iodine (I), changes to iodide  Compound’s name: hydrogen iodide

8. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non- metal elements. Example: N 2 O 4  First element is hydrogen (N), stays the same. Needs to add prefix, 2 atoms, so “dinitrogen”  Second element is oxygen (O), changes to oxide. Needs to add prefix, 4 atoms, so “tetraoxide”  Compound’s name: dinitrogen tetraoxide

9. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non- metal elements. Practice: P 2 S 5  First element is phosphorous (P), stays the same. Needs to add prefix, 2 atoms, so “diphospohorous”  Second element is sulphur (S), changes to sulphide. Needs to add prefix, 5 atoms, so “pentasulphide”  Compound’s name: diphosphorous pentasulphide

10. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non-metal elements. Example: Write the chemical formula of Sulphur trioxide  First element mentioned appears first in formula: sulphur, so S  Second element mentioned, appears second in formula: oxide, which refers to oxygen, so O  According to prefixes, there are 1 S and 3 O  Compound’s formula: SO 3

11. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary molecular compounds: molecule of two non- metal elements. Practice: Write the chemical formula of dinitrogen pentaoxide  First element mentioned appears first in formula: nitrogen, so N  Second element mentioned, appears second in formula: oxide, which refers to oxygen, so O  According to prefixes, there are 2 N and 5 O  Compound’s formula: N 2 O 5

12. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non- metal. Rules for naming:  Name the cation, first element in formula, first (name remains unchanged)  When cation has more than one possible charge, a roman numeral in bracket, should follow cation’s name (mainly for transition metals, e.g. Cu, Fe, etc.) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Name the anion changing its last syllable (or last two syllables) to (-ide)  No prefixes are used

13. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Example: KBr  First element in formula is cation potassium (K + )  Second element in formula is anion bromide (Br - )  Compound’s name: potassium bromide

14. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Example: CaCl 2  First element in formula is cation calcium (Ca 2+ )  Second element in formula is anion chloride (Cl - )  Compound’s name: calcium chloride

15. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Example: CuCl 2  First element in formula is cation copper (Cu 2+ )  Second element in formula is anion chloride (Cl - )  Compound’s name: copper (II) chloride

16. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Practice: CaO  First element in formula is cation calcium (Ca 2+ )  Second element in formula is anion oxide (O 2- )  Compound’s name: calcium oxide

17. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Practice: Fe 3 N 2  First element in formula is cation iron (Fe 2+ )  Second element in formula is anion nitride (N 3- )  Compound’s name: iron(II) nitride

18. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Example: Write the chemical formula of Magnesium sulphide  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: magnesium, so Mg 2+  No roman numeral  Second, anion mentioned, which appears second: sulphide, so S 2-  Both ions are Mg 2+ and S 2-  Crossover rule: Mg 2 S 2  Chemical formula: MgS

19. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Example: Write the chemical formula of iron (III) oxide  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: iron, so Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Roman numeral: III, so charge is 3+, therefore Fe 3+  Second, anion mentioned, which appears second: oxide, so O 2-  Both ions are Fe 3+ and O 2-  Crossover rule: Fe 2 O 3  Chemical formula: Fe 2 O 3

20. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Practice: Write the chemical formula of lithium carbide  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: lithium, so Li +  No roman numeral  Second, anion mentioned, which appears second: carbide, so C 4-  Both ions are Li + and C 4-  Crossover rule: Li 4 C  Chemical formula: Li 4 C

21. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Binary ionic compounds: molecule of a metal and a non-metal. Practice: Write the chemical formula of copper (II) fluoride  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: copper, so Cu 1+ or Cu 2+ (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Roman numeral: II, so charge is 2+, therefore Cu 2+  Second, anion mentioned, which appears second: fluoride, so F -  Both ions are Cu 2+ and F -  Crossover rule: CuF 2  Chemical formula: CuF 2

22. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Rules for naming:  Name the cation, first element in formula, first (name remains unchanged)  When cation has more than one possible charge, a roman numeral in bracket, should follow cation’s name (mainly for transition metals, e.g. Cu, Fe, etc.) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Name the polyatomic anion Table 4.1, p. 4.13  No prefixes are used

23. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Example: CaSO 4  First element in formula is cation calcium (Ca 2+ )  Second element in formula is polyanion sulphate (SO 4 2- ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Compound’s name: calcium sulphate

24. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Example: CuCrO 4  First element in formula is cation copper (Cu 1+ or Cu 2+ ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Second element in formula is polyanion chromate (CrO 4 2- ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  According to formula, and crossover rule, cation must be Cu 2+ (Cu 2+ CrO 4 2- = CuCrO 4 instead of Cu 2 CrO 4 for Cu 1+ )  Compound’s name: copper (II) chromate

25. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Practice: BaCO 3  First element in formula is cation calcium (Ba 2+ )  Second element in formula is polyanion carbonate (CO 3 2- ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Compound’s name: barium carbonate

26. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Practice: Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2  First element in formula is cation iron (Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  Second element in formula is polyanion phosphate (PO 4 3- ) Table 4.1, p. 4.13  According to formula, and crossover rule, cation must be Fe 2+ (Fe 2+ PO 4 3- = Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 instead of FePO 4 for Fe 3+ )  Compound’s name: iron (II) phosphate

27. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Example: Write the chemical formula of Magnesium sulphate  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: magnesium, so Mg 2+  No roman numeral  Second, polyanion mentioned, which appears second: sulphate, so SO 4 2- (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Both ions are Mg 2+ and SO 4 2-  Crossover rule: Mg 2 (SO 4 2- ) 2  Chemical formula: MgSO 4

28. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Example: Write the chemical formula of iron (III) carbonate  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: iron, so Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Roman numeral: III, so charge is 3+, therefore Fe 3+  Second, polyanion mentioned, which appears second: carbonate, so CO 3 2- (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Both ions are Fe 3+ and CO 3 2-  Crossover rule: Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3  Chemical formula: Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3

29. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Practice: Write the chemical formula of Sodium nitrate  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: sodium, so Na +  No roman numeral  Second, polyanion mentioned, which appears second: nitrate, so NO 3 - (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Both ions are Na + and NO 3 -  Crossover rule: Na NO 3  Chemical formula: Na NO 3

30. PSC 4012: Nomenclature Complex compounds: molecules of more than two elements. (Polyatomic ions) Example: Write the chemical formula of copper (II) borate  First, cation mentioned, which appears first in formula: copper, so Cu + or Cu 2+ (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Roman numeral: II, so charge is 2+, therefore Cu 2+  Second, polyanion mentioned, which appears second: borate, so BO 3 3- (Table 4.1, p. 4.13)  Both ions are Cu 2+ and BO 3 3-  Crossover rule: Cu 3 (BO 3 ) 2  Chemical formula: Cu 3 (BO 3 ) 2