1. Battles for the West

2. Cochise – Chiricahua Apache Image: www.chiricahuaapache.org Fort Tularosa Apache Pass

3. The Great Plains

4. Spread of horses among tribes of the Great Plains

5. Tipi Representation of sioux tip by Karl Bodmer c. 1833

6. Rise of nomadic hunting tribes (esp. the Sioux) at the expense of sedentary village tribes (Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsas)

7. Great Sioux Nation: 3 dialects: Dakota (Santee), Nakota (Yankton and Yanktonai), andLakota (Teton).

8. Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa Sedentary villages vulnerable to: – Attacks by Lakotas – Epidemics Estimated population around 1780: 10,000 Arikiras, 7,000 Mandans, 7,000 Hidatsas Est. pop. in 1804: 2,500 Arikaras, 1,500 Mandans, 2,100 Hidatsas After 1837 smallpox epidemic among Mandans: 23 men, 40 women, 65 children left

9. Passing through ‘Indian Territory’

10. Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) North Dakota State Government: www.ndstudies.org

11. Indian Peace Commission 1868 report recognized that Indian Wars resulted from U.S. government’s mistreatment of Indians Proposed solution: relocation of plains tribes

12. Medicine Lodge Treaties (1867)

13. Satank (Sitting Bear) Portrait by William S. Soule, 1870. Smithsonian.

15. Arapaho camp with buffalo meat drying near Fort Dodge, KS. Photograph by William S. Soule, 1870. Arapaho Project: University of Colorado

16. Buffalo hides

17. Buffalo skulls

18. Arapaho camp with buffalo meat drying near Fort Dodge, KS. Photograph by William S. Soule, 1870. Arapaho Project: University of Colorado

19. Colorado Gold Rush 1858: Gold discovered near Denver 1859-1860: 40,000 miners invade the land of 5,000 Arapahos and Cheyennes Dog Soldiers = militant groups of Cheyennes and Arapahos John Chivington = leader of Colorado militia – Sand Creek Massacre 1864

20. Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Painted on elk hide by Eugene Ridgely (Northern Arapaho, grandon of a survivor). Arapaho Project, University of Colorado.

21. www.ndstudies.org

22. Red Cloud (1822-1909) Portrait by D.F. Barry, 1892. National Museum of the American Indian. Crazy Horse (c.1840-1877)

23. Spotted Tail (1823-1881) Photo by D.F. Barry, c. 1880. Library of Congress.

24. Second Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) www.republicoflakotah.com

25. Black Hills gold rush 1874: – army accompanies geologists to confirm gold 1875: – U.S. offers to buy the black hills from the Lakota – Army stops guarding the territory – Indians ordered to relocate near agencies 1876: – 10,000-15,000 natives gather to defend the hills

26. Battle of the Little Big Horn Sitting Bull = ‘Custer’s Last Stand’ (June 1876)

27. 1877 cession of the Black Hills Red Cloud Agency (Oglala Lakota) Spotted Tail Agency (Brulé Lakota)