1. Insert the needle about 1 to 2 inches caudal to the skin pinch.

2. Pectoral muscle IM injection location. Isolating the muscle.

3. Giving the IM injection. Personally I do not prefer this site due to the location.

4. Injections (cont’d) Buttocks – Preferred for foals – Puts handler within kicking range – Can also be done on top Although abscesses are hard to drain

5. Insertion of the needle into the gluteal muscle.

6. Attachment of the syringe AFTER insertion of the needle.

7. The gluteal region may be used for IM Injections, but the pectoral or semimembranosis/ semitendinosis muscles are preferred sites for IM injections.

8. The white tape Represents the Sciatic groove, Hitting this can Paralyze an animal. This is the proper Technique for giving An IM injection into The semitendinosis Injection.

9. IM injection into the Semimembranosis and Semitendinosis Muscles in the horse.

10. Landmark lateral to the spine. Look closely at this picture. What is wrong?

11. Tap, Tap With your Palm Go Now! Insert the needle!

12. Intravenous Injections 1.Can be given into any visible or palpable vein, safely. 2.The jugular vein is the most accessible, safest and popular vein used today.

13. Injections (cont’d) – Intravenous 14- to 22-gauge needles × 1 to 1 1/2 inches Jugular is the most popular Lateral thoracic vein, cephalic vein, saphenous vein, and coccygeal vein are also accessible

14. Always insert your needle into the cranial half of the jugular groove. If you hit the carotid artery the medication will flow with great speed to the brain and cause the horse to faint and/or die.

15. A needle is placed into the jugular vein to administer intravenous medication to a horse

16. Location of the lateral thoracic vein. Needle sizes can vary from 14 to 22 ga in diameter and be 1 or 1 ½ inch in length.

17. Subcutaneous Injections 1.Are the easiest to perform. 2.Most common place: lateral aspect of the neck. Subcutaneous 20- to 22-gauge × 1 inch in length

19. Intradermal Injection 1.Very rarely used to administer medications. 2.Only volumes of less than 1ml can be injected into the skin at a single site. 3.A visible bleb should appear in the skin. Less than 1 ml can be given 25 × 1-gauge needle

22. Intravenous Catheterization

23. Catheterization Catheters – Most commonly used are 10-, 14-, and 16-gauge needles. – 10-gauge are recommended for emergency use. – Almost always inserted into the jugular vein; if not available, the lateral thoracic vein can be used.

24. Catheterization (cont’d)

25. CORRECT POSITION INCORRECT POSITION

28. Crest Braided

29. Enemas Newborn foals. Commonly given to newborn foals to encourage passage of the meconium (fetal feces). No special equipment involved, can use human pediatric enema solutions. Fluids should be warm and nonirritating Tube or hose – No further than 12 inches – 1 to 3 gallons of liquid can be given to an average (1000 lb) adult horse

30. Flushing of the Nasolacrimal Ducts A 20- to 22-gauge lacrimal cannula or a small- diameter flexible catheter (tomcat urinary catheter) – Inserted into a punctum and sterile fluid injected via an attached syringe Small 1- to 2-mm catheter inserted into the nasal punctum and sterile fluid flushed Startled when the fluid suddenly enters the eye

31. Nasolacrimal Ducts

32. Restraining

34. video

35. Subpalpebral lavage

36. Blocking the frontal nerves