1. Implementation of a strategy

2. Successful strategy formulation does not guarantee successful strategy implementation. Less than 10% of strategies formulated are successfully implemented! The Nature of Strategy Implementation Implementation may fail due to: e.g. –Not recognizing benefit of computers (I.T.) in managing information: use of data warehouse and data mining to improve intensive strategies

3. Formulation vs. Implementation Formulation focuses on effectiveness Implementation focuses on efficiency Formulation is primarily an intellectual process Implementation is primarily an operational process Formulation requires good intuitive & analytical skills Implementation requires special motivational & leadership skills Formulation requires coordination among a few individuals Implementation requires coordination among many individuals

4. Management Issues Management Issues Resources Organizational structure Annual Objectives Resistance to Change

5. Management Issues Purpose of Annual Objectives --  Basis for resource allocation  Mechanism for management (e.g. IT management) evaluation  Metric for gauging progress on long-term objectives  Establish priorities (organizational, division, & departmental)

6. Management Issues Resource Allocation enables resources to be allocated according to priorities established by annual objectives. However it may cause conflict. 1. Financial resources 2. Physical resources 3. Human resources 4. Technological resources

7. Management Issues Matching Organisational Structure w/ Strategy -- Changes in strategy = Changes in structure  Structure dictates how objectives & policies will be established and how resources will be allocated; e.g. is structure based on location or based on the product…

8. Management Issues Reengineering the business process In reengineering, a firm uses information technology to break down functional barriers and create a work system based on business processes… Reconfiguring or redesigning work, jobs, & processes to improve cost, quality… (alteration of Scott Morton’s value chain) Think of an examples

9. Management Issues Resistance to Change -- Single greatest threat to successful strategy implementation Raises anxiety; fear concerning: e conomic loss, Inconvenience or Uncertainty  Force Change Strategy  Educative Change Strategy  Rational or Self-Interest Change Strategy

10. Failing to segment markets appropriately Paying too much for a new acquisition Falling behind competition in R&D Not recognizing benefit of computers in managing information Key areas of Strategy Implementation Strategy Implementation can have a low success rate if attention is not paid to key areas of the business e.g.:

11. Marketing Segmentation Issues Marketing variables affect success/failure of strategy implementation 1.Market segmentation 2.Product positioning

12. Marketing Segmentation Market Segmentation: Subdividing of a market into distinct subsets of customers according to needs and buying habits Market segmentation variables include: –Product: quality, features, brandname –Place: Distribution channels, outlets, logistics –Promotion: advertising, sales promotion –Price: level, payment terms

13. Marketing Issues How products/services compare to competitors’ on dimensions most important to success in the industry; I.e. according to customer wants and customer needs; e.g. car rental in terms of convenience and customer loyalty Product Positioning

14. Product Positioning Steps Product Positioning Steps 2. Diagram Map 1. Select Key Criteria 3.Plot competitors’ products 4.Look for niches (vacant areas) 5. Develop Marketing Plan to position product

15. Product Positioning Map Low Convenience High Customer Loyalty Low Customer Loyalty High Convenience Firm 1 Firm 2 Firm 3 Rental Car Market Low Customer Loyalty High Convenience Firm 1 Firm 2 Firm 3 Rental Car Market

16. Look for vacant niche Do not stay between 2 segments Do not serve 2 segments with same strategy Do not position in the middle of the map Marketing Issues Product Positioning as Strategy Implementation Tool

17. Acquiring needed capital Developing projected financial statements Evaluating worth of a business or product Finance/Accounting Issues Essential for implementation

18. Management Information Systems (MIS) Issues Information is the basis for understanding the firm and is one of the most important factors differentiating successful from unsuccessful firms MIS used to : –Data collection, retrieval, & storage –Converting data into information; creating charts –Keeping managers informed: Executive information system (E.I.S.) of KPI –Coordination of activities among divisions –Allow firm to reduce costs

19. Questions Discuss, using suitable examples: the key issues and the key business areas that – managers – need to consider in implementing strategies derived during strategy formulation. (20 marks) –The types of information [ data] that managers,may, need to help them with the key areas associated implementation (13 marks)