1. Great American Smoke Out Thursday November 20 th 11:00 am – 2:00 pm Campus Mall Come get all the facts to quit smoking and help others on their journey!! University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire Colleges Against Cancer

2. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion What Is Religion? Origins, Functions, and Expressions of ReligionOrigins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion Religion and Cultural Ecology Social Control

3. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion Kinds of Religion Religion in States World Religions Religion and Change Secular Rituals

4. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Is Religion? Religion – belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces (Wallace) Not an adequate or unanimously definition

5. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Tylor first studied religion anthropologically and developed a taxonomy of religions Animism –Animism is seen as most primitive –Belief in souls that derives from the first attempt to explain dreams and like phenomena

6. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Animism

7. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mana and Taboo –Polynesian mana and related concept of taboo related to the more hierarchical nature of Polynesian society –Melanesian mana defined as sacred impersonal force that is much like the Western concept of luck Mana – belief in immanent supernatural domain or life-force, potentially subject to human manipulation

8. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Magic and Religion –May be imitative (as with voodoo dolls) or contagious (accomplished through contact) Magic refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims

9. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Wendell the nail biter

10. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anxiety, Control, Solace Magic an instrument of control, e.g. baseball Religion serves to provide stability when no control or understanding is possible Malinowski saw tribal religions as being focused on life crises—birth, puberty, marriage, death

11. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rituals –Rituals convey information about culture of participants and, hence, participants themselves –Rituals inherently social, and participation in them necessarily implies social commitment Formal social acts, performed in sacred contexts

12. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Rites of Passage Religious rituals that mark and facilitate person’s movement from one (social) state of being to another –Separation –withdraws from group and begins moving from one place to another –Liminality – period during which participant(s) has left one place but not yet entered the next –Incorporation – participant(s) reenters society with a new status having completed the rite

13. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. –Communitas – collective liminality, characterized by enhanced feelings of social solidarity and minimized distinctions Rites of Passage Liminality part of every rite of passage and involves temporary suspension and even reversal of everyday social distinctions

14. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Totemism Totemism uses nature as model for society –Unity of human social order enhanced by symbolic association with and imitation of natural order Totemism is religion in which elements of nature act as sacred templates for society by means of symbolic association

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16. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Totemism –Totems are apical ancestor of clans –Members of clan did not kill or eat their totem, except once a year when the members of the clan gathered for ceremonies dedicated to the totem In totemic societies, each descent group has an animal, plant, or geographical feature from which they claim descent

18. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion and Cultural Ecology –Ahimsa is Hindu doctrine of nonviolence that forbids the killing of animals –Western economic development experts often use this principle as example of how religion can stand in the way of development –Hindus also raise scraggly and thin cows, unlike the bigger cattle of Europe and the U.S. Sacred Cattle in India

19. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion and Cultural Ecology Cattle play important adaptive role in Indian ecosystem that evolved over thousands of years Hindus use cattle for transportation, traction, and manure Bigger cattle eat more, making them more expensive to keep Sacred Cattle in India –Views of experts are ethnocentric and wrong

21. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Control The power of religion affects peoples’ actions Religion can be used to mobilize large segments of society through systems of real and perceived rewards and punishments

22. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Control –Function as leveling mechanisms to reduce differences in wealth and status between society members –Many religions have formal code of ethics that prohibit/promote certain behaviors Religions also maintain social control by stressing the fleeting nature of life Witch hunts play important role in limiting social deviancy

23. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Kinds of Religion Religious forms vary from culture to culture Correlations exist between political organization and religious type Wallace developed four categories of religions: Shamanic, Communal, Olympian, and Monotheistic

24. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Practitioners and Types Shamanic religions – shamans part-time religious intermediaries who may act as curers – these religions are most characteristic of foragers Communal religions – have shamans, community rituals, multiple nature gods; more characteristic of food producers

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26. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 26 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Practitioners and Types Olympian religions –appeared with states, have full-time religious specialists and have potent anthropomorphic gods who may exist as a pantheon Monotheistic religions – have attributes of Olympian religions, except pantheon of gods subsumed under a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent being (chiefdoms/early states)

27. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 27 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Athena and Apollo

28. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 28 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Zeus

29. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 29 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Congregations

30. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 30 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Congregations

31. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 31 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Protestant Values and the Rise of Capitalism –Independent –Entrepreneurial –Hard working –Future-oriented Catholics emphasis on immediate happiness, security, and priest mediation did not fit well with capitalism Weber linked spread of capitalism to values central to the Protestant faith:

32. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 32 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Calvin

33. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 33 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religions of the World, by Estimated Number of Adherents, 2005 Source: Adherents.com. 2005. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents.html. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents

34. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 34 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religions of the World, by Estimated Number of Adherents, 2005

35. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 35 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Classical World Religions Ranked by Internal Religious Similarity Source: Adherents.com. 2005. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents.html. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents

36. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 36 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Major World Religions by Percentage of World Population 2005 Source: Adherents.com. 2005. http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents.html.http://www.adherents.com/Religions_by_adherents

37. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 37 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religion and Change Religious leaders also may seek to alter or revitalize their society Revitalization Movements –Social moments that occur in times of change –The colonial-era Iroquois reformation led by Handsome Lake is example of revitalization movement Religion helps maintain social order

38. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 38 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural mix, including religious blends, that emerge when two or more cultural traditions come into contact Syncretisms –Voodoo, santeria, and candomlé –Cargo cults of Melanesia and Papua New Guinea are syncretisms of Christian doctrine with aboriginal beliefs –Often emerge when traditional, non- Western societies have regular contact with industrialized societies

39. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 39 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Location of Melanesia

40. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 40 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Antimodernism and Fundamentalism Barber contends that tribalism and globalism are two key –opposed and equally forceful– principles of our age Antimodernism – rejection of the modern in favor of what is perceived as an earlier, purer, and better way of life

41. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 41 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Antimodernism and Fundamentalism –Assert an identity separate from the larger religious group from which they arose –Seek to rescue religion from absorption into modern, Western culture –Strive to protect distinctive doctrine and way of life and of salvations –Many fundamentalists are politically aware citizens of nation-states Fundamentalism – antimodernist movements in various religions

42. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 42 ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Composition (in Percentages) of the Populations of the U.S., 1990 and 2001, and Canada, 1991 and 2001