1. EXERCISE 5 S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering Processing Test Results

2. Question 1 Derive the probability that an insulator will pass the 15/2 test (2 flashovers in 15 impulses). What is the probability when the test voltage is 125 kV, 50% breakdown voltage is 130 kV and standard deviation of breakdown is 3% ? 2S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering

3. 15/2 test: S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering3 n = 15(number of impulses in test series) k = 0…2 (number of breakdowns in test series) Probability mass function: Binomial distribution = discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent ”yes/no” experiments, each of which yields success (”yes”) with probability p. Binomial coefficient where k! = k(k-1)(k-2) … ∙1 p = probability that the given voltage will result in breakdown

4. S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering4 Cumulative distribution function: In order to pass the test, only 2 breakdowns are allowed in the 15 measurement series P(λ) = p where x = U t = 125 kV µ = U 50 = 130 kV σ = 3% = 0.03 ∙130 kV λ = -1.28 P(-1.28) = (1 – 0.799)/2 = 0.10 = p Determine value of probability p: Insert value p = 0.10 into P: P = 0.9 13 (1 + 1.3 + 0.91) = 0.8159 Probability that the test object passes the 15/2 test with maximum 2 allowable breakdowns in a 15 impulse series when test voltage U t = 125 kV is 82% Standard (0, 1) normal distribution

5. Question 2 S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering5 In order to determine an insulator’s 50% breakdown voltage, a series of tests were conducted where voltage was increased steadily from 200 kV until breakdown occurred. The following breakdown values were obtained (in kV): 478, 487, 503, 499, 481, 518, 530, 512, 495, 480, 471, 535, 505, 507, 491, 498, 506, 521, 482, 493. Determine the insulator’s 50% breakdown voltage and its standard deviation using the probability sheet. Also, calculate the mean and experimental standard deviation using the measured data.

6. S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering6 Measured breakdown values (in kV): 478, 487, 503, 499, 481, 518, 530, 512, 495, 480, 471, 535, 505, 507, 491, 498, 506, 521, 482, 493 1. Arrange the measured values in order of magnitude 2. Calculate the respective cumulative probability p c for each value 3. Plot the values on a probability sheet and draw the trend line n = 20100% / n = 5 % Start from the midpoint of 5% (2.5%) and increase probability by 5% for each subsequent breakdown voltage

7. S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering7 480500520540470490510530550 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x The voltage correlating to the 50 % breakdown probability can be observed from the trend line: Standard deviation can also be observed from the probability sheet: U 50 = 499 kV λ = 1  Φ(λ) = 0.6828 = 68% 100% - 68% = 32% 32% / 2 = 16% s = U 50 – U 16 s = 499 – 482 = 17 kV (σ = 3.4 %) Calculation:

8. Question 3 S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering8 During an acceptance test for a 123 kV air insulating device, the impulse test voltage was set at 450 kV. According to the IEC standard, a 450 kV test voltage for an impulse voltage test correlates to 10 % breakdown probability. The test was performed using the up and down method. Test results are documented as follows (x = breakdown, o = no breakdown): Withstand strength is assumed to follow normal distribution when standard deviation σ = 3 % Did the device pass the test? Hint: Respective breakdown voltage U p for breakdown probability p can be estimated using the mean and standard deviation according to the following table. U p = U 50 – kσ p [%]5015.9102.30.13 k011.32.03.0 494 kV 480 kV 466 kV 452 kV 438 kV 424 kV 410 kV o o o x o oo oo oo x x xx x xx xo o oo x 494 kV 480 kV 466 kV 452 kV 438 kV 424 kV 410 kV o o o x o oo oo oo x x xx x xx xo o oo x

9. S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering9 In order to pass the test, the 50 % breakdown voltage of the device has to be larger than calculated IEC 50% test voltage. U 50(device) > U 50(IEC) According to the IEC standard, a 450 kV test voltage for an impulse voltage test correlates to 10 % breakdown probability. p [%]5015.9102.30.13 k011.32.03.0 U p = U 50 – kσU 10 = U 50 – 1.3σσ = 3% = 0.03 ∙ U 50 U 10 = U 50 – 1.3(0.03 ∙ U 50 ) U 10 = U 50 (1 – 1.3(0.03)) U 50 = U 10 / (1 – 1.3(0.03)) IEC 50% test voltage: (the device can withstand more than the imposed test voltage)

10. S-18.3150/S-18.3150 High Voltage Engineering10 Up and Down test: where n i is the number of events at voltage level U i (only n i ≥ 2 levels are considered) The device does NOT pass the test. Breakdown strength of the device is less than that specified in the standards. 494 kV 480 kV 466 kV 452 kV 438 kV 424 kV 410 kV o o o x o oo oo oo x x xx x xx xo o oo x 494 kV 480 kV 466 kV 452 kV 438 kV 424 kV 410 kV o o o x o oo oo oo x x xx x xx xo o oo x Measure 50% breakdown voltage of device: U 50(device) <U 50(IEC) 462.8 kV<468.3 kV