1. Greek Philosophy Philosophy: love of wisdom —
a search for underlying causes and principles of reality —
a quest for truth through logical reasoning rather than factual observation —
a study of the principles of human nature and conduct

2. Greek Philosophy

3. Greek Philosophy

4. Greek Philosophy Plato Aristotle Socrates Euclid Pythagoras Diogenes
Epicurus
Ptolemy
Zeno
Empedocles
Xenophon
Heraclitus

5. Greek Philosophy Philosophy: mathematics physical science medicine
biology
history

6. Greek Philosophy Philosophy: Zeno and Stocism
Epicurus and Epicureanism
Sophists
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

7. Greek Philosophy
Herodotus:
“Father of History”

8. Greek Philosophy Herodotus: The Histories: Divided into 9 books
Rise of Persia, conflict between Greece and Persia and battles of Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis
War was epic struggle between East and West

9. Greek Philosophy Herodotus: The Histories: Blend of history and myth
Zeus gave victory to the Greeks against a mighty host of barbarians
Travels around Mediterranean (Egypt, Persia, Italy, Greece)

10. Greek Philosophy

11. Greek Philosophy
Thucydides:
“Father of Scientific History”

12. Greek Philosophy Thucydides:
lived during the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens
evidence
rejected legends and rumors
causes for the war
accurate account of war that could be studied by generals and statesmen

13. Greek Philosophy

14. Greek Philosophy From where does everything come?
From what is everything created?
How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature?
How might we describe nature mathematically?

15. Greek Philosophy Influence of Babylonian math and science
Growing prosperity and freedom of expression in Greek city-states by 600 BC
Influence of Egyptian math and science
Greeks the first people to give non-myth explanations of the universe

16. Greek Philosophy
Milesian philosophers debate what is the element at the root of change:
Thales: Water since it exists in all 3 states of matter
Anaximander: a vague element he calls the “boundless”
Anaximenes: Air or vapor since rain is pressed from air

17. Debate on the nature of change and if we can trust our senses:
Greek Philosophy
Debate on the nature of change and if we can trust our senses:
Parmenides:
matter cannot come from nothing
matter is eternal and unchangeable
change is an illusion
we cannot trust our senses
Heraclitus:
universe consists of opposites
opposites interact
change in constant
we can trust our senses

18. Greek Philosophy
Theories of unchangeable elements which combine with each other to produce change:
Empedocles:
4 elements
earth, water, air, fire
combine in fixed ratios to form all substances
Democritus:
unlimited variety of tiny indivisible atoms
combine to form all substances

19. Greek Philosophy Golden Age Athens: rise in power of all citizens
growth of individual potential
not interested in study of the universe, atoms, etc.
interested in things related to them

20. Greek Philosophy Sophists: “those who are wise” traveling teachers
taught practical subjects: speech, grammar, mathematics, music
“man is the measure of all things”
shift focus from natural world to moral, ethics, politics
claimed there was no absolute right and wrong
situation determined what was right or wrong

21. Greek Philosophy Socrates: believed in a universally valid knowledge
universal knowledge could be gained by the “right method:
exchange and analysis of opinions
setting up and testing of definitions would lead to truths
truths lead to an unfailing guide to living
can determine absolute right from wrong
Socratic method: questioning style of teaching

22. Debate on which is more trustworthy: our senses or reason
Greek Philosophy
Debate on which is more trustworthy: our senses or reason
Plato:
have innate power to reason
our imperfect world flows from and is based on a higher world of unchanging and eternal ideas
need abstract thinking, especially mathematics to find truth
Aristotle:
have innate power to reason
no innate ideas exist in our minds which do not first exist in the sensory world
must rely on our senses to find the truth

23. )
Greek Philosophy
Essential part of the scientific method that would emerge in Western Europe in the 1600’s
gather information and resources
form hypothesis
Define the question
Define the question
Define the question
define question
experiment/ collect data
interpret data/ draw conclusion
Define the question
Define the question
Define the question
analyze data
new hypothesis
Define the question

24. Greek Philosophy
Thales of Miletus:
first philosopher of the West

25. discovered the origin of all things:
Greek Philosophy
That:
from which everything exists
from which it first became
into which it returns at last
its substance remaining in it, but transforming in qualities
that they say is the element and principle of things that are
discovered the origin of all things:
water

26. Greek Philosophy Significance:
not in reducing all things to water but in reducing all things to one
attempt to explain nature:
simplification of phenomena
search for causes within nature
denies the whims of the gods

27. Greek Philosophy Significance: Results: bridge between myth and reason
turned from mythology to reason
answers sought within nature, not outside

28. Greek Philosophy Pythagoreans: led by Pythagoras
changed focus from study of nature to:
nature of man
meaning of truth
position of the divine in the order of things

29. Greek Philosophy Pythagoreans: shared all possessions
no meat or fish-vegetarians
never ate beans
never touched white roosters
reincarnation

30. Greek Philosophy Pythagoreans: sound: vibration in string
varied with string’s length
musical ratios
numbers:
building blocks for everything
discovered square root of 2
irrational numbers

31. Greek Philosophy
Pythagoreans:
Pythagorean theorem for right triangle:

32. Greek Philosophy
Pythagoreans:
Pythagorean theorem for right triangle:

33. Greek Philosophy 5
a = 3
b = 4
c = 5 3 4 = 25
C =
9 + 16

34. Greek Philosophy

35. Greek Philosophy Democritus: Theory of Atoms: atom – uncuttable
small, hard invisible particles of the same substance
different: sizes, shapes, arrangements, positions
group together to form mass

36. Greek Philosophy Euclid: “Father of Geometry”
perhaps a collector of ideas rather than his own
Elements:
plane geometry
proportion in general
properties of numbers
solid geometry

37. Greek Philosophy Eratosthenes: nickname: “beta”
system of latitude and longitude
calculated the circumference of the earth
map of the known world
Father of scientific chronology

38. Greek Philosophy Aristarchus: heliocentric theory of planetary orbit
On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon:
calculated the distance to and size of the sun and the moon

39. Greek Philosophy

40. Greek Philosophy
Hippocrates —
"Father of Medicine”

41. Greek Philosophy Hippocrates — "Father of Medicine”
Hippocratic Oath: I swear by Apollo, …to keep according to my ability and my judgement, the following Oath.
I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone
To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death
Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion

42. Greek Philosophy Hippocrates — "Father of Medicine”
Hippocratic Collection-70 works, collection probably from the medical library of the school of medicine
Airs, Waters, and Places: instead of ascribing diseases to divine origin, discusses their environmental causes—weather, drinking water
Pronostic, Coan, Prognosis, and Aphorisms: advanced idea that a physician can predict the course of a disease
Regiman and Regimen in Acute Diseases: first idea of preventive medicine

43. Greek Philosophy Hippocrates — "Father of Medicine”
Hippocratic Collection-
Sacred Disease: an analysis on epilepsy
Joints: treatment of dislocations
Wounds in the Head
Women’s Diseases
Dismembering of the Fetus in the Womb

44. Greek Philosophy Archimedes: beginnings of integral calculus
principles of the lever-”Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the earth!”
discovered the principle of specific gravity-ship displacement
Archimedian screw
war machines- Archimedes claw

45. Greek Philosophy

46. Greek Philosophy

47. Greek Philosophy Zeno: Stocism What is proper living (the good life)?
Everything was part of the perfection of Nature
Man’s duty: accept cheerfully whatever came
Whatever came was all for the best
Stoic: strong, calm, unmoved by good or bad fortune

48. Greek Philosophy Zeno: Stocism
Was a life event in his own power to influence?
Yes- shape it as wished
No- accept it as the will of god
Understanding and accepting god’s will made a man:
free and wise
beyond fear and hope

49. Greek Philosophy Epicurus: Epicureanism
“live unobtrusively” (not demanding attention)
guide people in their search for happiness
understanding was greatest virtue and happiness
controls human appetites

50. Greek Philosophy Epicurus: Epicureanism lives without falseness
puts aside all fears
rewarded with the greatest of all goods = peace
absence of pain = happiness

51. Greek Philosophy Socrates: believed in a universally valid knowledge
universal knowledge could be gained by the “right method:
exchange and analysis of opinions
setting up and testing of definitions would lead to truths

52. Greek Philosophy Socrates: truths lead to an unfailing guide to living
can determine absolute right from wrong
Socratic method: questioning style of teaching

53. Greek Philosophy Plato: best of Socrates’ students
universe is spiritual and has purpose
refutes ideas of the Sophists
Doctrine of Ideas:
relativity and change not complete universe
higher spiritual world with eternal ideas that only the mind could understand

54. Greek Philosophy Plato: Spiritual things not mind inventions
Most important is the Idea of Good
Active, guiding purpose of the universe

55. Greek Philosophy Plato: True virtue:
rational understanding of ideas of goodness and justice
rational man is noble and good
appetites and emotions should be controlled by reason

56. Greek Philosophy

57. Greek Philosophy

58. Greek Philosophy World inside the cave = the physical world
Fire = the sun
Objects that cast the shadows = specific objects
Shadows on the wall = images
World outside the cave = the intelligible world
Sun = form of the Good
Objects in the outside world (trees, ducks, etc.) = the forms
Shadows and reflections in the outside world = concepts

59. Greek Philosophy There are four steps described:
1 Prisoners who think that shadows are reality
2 Prisoners who are freed and forced to look at the things that are used to cast shadows on the wall and do not recognized these as sources for shadows.

60. Greek Philosophy There are four steps described:
3 Prisoners who are freed and dragged along to the outside of the cave:
Shadows
Things that cast shadows
Heavenly bodies
Sun as the source and guarantee of all the things outside the cave
4 Free men returning to the cave to former fellow prisoners

61. Greek Philosophy

62. Greek Philosophy

63. Greek Philosophy

64. Greek Philosophy Plato: Political philosophy Ideal government:
Free from strife and self seeking
The Republic:
3 classes of citizens
lowest-”appetite”: farmers, artisans, merchants
function: production/distribution of goods to whole community

65. Greek Philosophy Plato: Political philosophy
second-”spirited will”: soldiers
function: defense of whole community
highest-”reason”: intellectual nobility
function: political power, wise, unselfish philosopher kings with years of education and experience
disliked democracy why?

66. Greek Philosophy Aristotle: Plato’s most brilliant student
Alexander the Great’s tutor
Father of modern biology
different from Socrates and Plato:
scientist interested in biology, physics, astronomy
less spiritual outlook
form and matter equal importance:
eternal
cannot exist without the other

67. Greek Philosophy Aristotle:
change exists because of the interaction between matter and form
First Cause = source of forms and matter
highest good was golden mean = balance between indulgence and denial

68. Greek Philosophy Aristotle: Political philosophy:
government = promotion of good life
man = political animal with instincts
best government:
commonwealth between oligarchy and democracy
controlled by the middle class
prevention of the concentration of wealth

69. Greek Philosophy

70. Greek Philosophy