1. DayCor ® Technology Distribution

2. DayCor® Technology is used to detect Corona Particle Discharge and Arcing on electric grid components. It offers you: Early warnings of potential future failures. Pinpointing & Visualizing the corona effect. Decision ability to determines the health of your critical systems components Prioritize your particle discharge maintenance challenges Day time work DayCor® Technology saves you by avoiding costly unscheduled outages and failures DayCor ® Technology

3. E field e e + e e + e e e + -V e UV Ph Corona is a luminous partial discharge due air ionization. The DayCor® camera pinpoints the exact source’s location by visualizing the UV photons, coming out of it. Corona Effect Corona Source Free Electron, coming out from the source Natural Air molecule UV Photon

4. Combined mode Visible only display UV only mode Bi-Spectral Imaging Pinpointing the exact corona’s location

5. UV-IR complimentary technologies No corona on IR picture Corona spots using UV technology Live End Corona Dead End Corona

6. It Causes Degradation of polymer (NCI) insulators Ceramic Insulator Defects Physical damage to component. Cracks the cement of pins and metal caps of porcelain insulators. Wood Pole Fires Audio noise (AN) Corona is a concern because:

7. Degradation of polymer (NCI) insulators To get to that point is to waste your time & money Detect this failure in advance, to take the right action at the right time Corona Spot The outcome

8. Polymer Termination - 33KV

9. Physical damaged to component Left string- OutcomeRight string - Outcome Corona spots

10. Cracks on 11kv insulator

11. Cement problem indication -11kv

12. Wood Pole Fire The leakage currents can generate enough localized heat to ignite the wood at the point of contact between wood and metal surfaces and start a pole fire Insulators near or at the end of their service life can cause to pole fire 25kv

13. Audio noise - few reasons

14. It indicates: Possible Faults Sealing defects Shorted bells Gap discharge Loose hardware Contamination Corrosion or erosion Bad ground connections Corona is a concern because:

15. Possible Faults “This is not normally a serious issue but the broken wire was running down the side of the insulator, therefore reducing the insulating value from 6 sheds down to just one. The cause of there intermittent fault over 12 months has now been found in just 2 hours with the use of the corona camera" 22kV

16. Possible reasons Flash burn on the top shed from lightning Slight fracture on pin hole defect 33kv Possible Faults

17. Corona on the connection between the bushing and the capacitor. Losing Energy it to lose Money !

18. Possible Faults Leaking Current Dead End Corona

19. Sealing Defects IndicationThe problem Hollow core insulator. The core should be sealed at the bottom with a cork/rubber plug. The cork/rubber plug was cracked compromising the seal. Without the seal, moist air was introduced into the hollow core. The dielectric properties of the insulator were changed affecting the electric field. The condition would eventually lead to insulator failure. Ameren

20. play Sealing Defects

21. Shorted Bells

22. Gap discharge

23. Contamination agricultural pollution Salt contamination Agricultural pollution Polluted conductor

24. Corrosion - Erosion

25. Bad ground connections-22kv insulator

26. Switchgear Corona

27. AN, RI, TVI concern? Decision Chart Photons per Minute Can it be damaged by corona? Corona- where? Critical component? Material type Critical location? Corona intensity? No Yes High> 5000 1000<Medium<5000 Low<1000 Monitor for additional signs Schedule repair or replacement Repair or replace ASAP No Yes Repair or replace ASAP

28. Condition D Equipment fails to perform as expected Functionally failed High Counting Rate Equipment broken Outage Potential Failure C Medium Counting Rate Failure Process Failure starts here Low Counting Rate B Equipment at Normal conditions No Corona A

29. “…Attempting to measure and trend levels of observed ultrasonic activity and trying to relate them to the potential seriousness of surface partial discharge or end of life is not valid and could potentially lead to misleading conclusions…” “Testing Distribution Switchgear for Partial Discharge in the Laboratory and the Field”, by EA Technology, IEEE2008 Ultrasonic