1. Scan in Rank-Size graph
Mature urban systems – like US – nearly linear relationship
Primate cities/urban primacy
Examples – UK, Mexico City
Need graphs to show what a system with urban primacy looks like

2. Central Place Theory Nested hexagonal market areas
predicted by Central Place Theory
DISCUSSION:
* What type of landscape and population density does this theory / model presume?
Spatial model of settlements (central places) for a nested hierarchy of market areas

3. Central Place Theory • Geographic assumptions (Christaller, 1930s)
- featureless landscape on infinite plane
- uniform population distribution
• Behavioral (economic) assumptions
- consumers shop at closest place possible
- consumers do not go beyond the range of the good
- market areas equal or exceed threshold of good
• Hexagonal market areas are most efficient
- non-overlapping circles leave areas unserved
- higher-order central places also provide
lower-order functions
DISCUSSION:
* What is an example where your behavior conforms to the assumptions above?
* What is an example where your behavior does not conform to the assumptions above?

4. Central Place Theory in action on a flat, featureless plain (e. g
Central Place Theory in action on a flat, featureless plain (e.g., Northern Germany)
… and in a landscape with “locational biases” introduced by physical features

5. Connectivity of Urban Systems
Spain’s national urban system
National metropolises have greater connectivity than regional metropolises or small cities

6. Top Ten Cities,1950 (estimated from various sources)
World Urban System
Plot these cities to see where the world’s ten largest cities were located in Symbolize each with a circle .
Top Ten Cities,1950 (estimated from various sources)
City Pop (in millions) Lat Long
New York, USA N 74 W
London, UK N 0
Tokyo, Japan N 135 E
Paris, France N E
Moscow, USSR N 37 E
Shanghai, China N 121 E
Essen (Ruhr), Germany N E
Buenos Aires, Argentina S 58 W
Chicago, USA N 87 W
Calcutta (Kolkata), India N 88 E

7. Top Ten Cities, 2015 (estimated from various sources)
Plot these cities on the world map to see where the ten world’s most populated cities will be in Symbolize each with a square .
Top Ten Cities, 2015 (estimated from various sources)
City Pop (in millions) Lat Long
Tokyo, Japan N 135 E
Mumbai (Bombay), India N 73 E
Lagos, Nigeria N E
São Paulo, Brazil S 46 W
Dhaka, Bangladesh N 90 E
Karachi, Pakistan N 69 E
Mexico City, Mexico N 99 W
Shanghai, China N 121 E
New York, USA N 74 W
Kolkata (Calcutta), India N 88 E

8. Banking $ London New York Tokyo Hong Kong Singapore
Place an X on each city as it is named on the following 12 lists. Each list identifies the top 5 cities as ranked according to its provision of certain services (Taylor 2005).
As cities are named more than once, just keep adding more X’s.
Banking $
London
New York
Tokyo
Hong Kong
Singapore

9. Producer Services $
London
New York
Hong Kong
Paris
Tokyo

10. Management 
New York
London
Paris
Madrid
Stockholm

11. Law 
London
New York
Frankfurt
Hong Kong
Washington DC

12. Insurance 
London
New York
Hong Kong
Los Angeles
Paris

13. Advertising 
New York
London
Hong Kong
Toronto
Sydney

14. Media ♫
London
New York
Paris
Los Angeles
Milan

15. Architecture/Engineering 
London
New York
Beijing
Singapore
Shanghai

16. United Nations Agencies 
Geneva
Brussels
Addis Ababa
Cairo
Bangkok

17. National Diplomatic Missions 
Washington DC
New York
London
Tokyo
Paris

18. Humanitarian & Environmental NGOs 
Nairobi
Brussels
Bangkok
London
New Delhi

19. Scientific Research  London Los Angeles San Francisco Boston Basel
Geneva
New York

20. “World cities are not simply the world’s largest … cities
“World cities are not simply the world’s largest … cities. Rather, they are the control centers for the global economy, places where critical decision making and interaction take place with regard to global economic, cultural, and political issues” (Knox and Marston 2001, p. 426).
“WORLD CITIES”

21. Spatial Models of Urban Land Use (Ch. 10)
Sketch the layout of land uses of a town or city you know well
DISCUSSION:
* Which one of these models best reflects the land use patterns where you live?

22. Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas as they assimilate
Concentric Ring Model
1920s (Burgess) – land-use pattern follows concentric rings around city center (CBD)
Newest settlers in city use older housing near city center (migrants to industrial jobs)
Previous groups move outward to higher-income areas as they assimilate
DISCUSSION:
* What evidence do you see for the concept of invasion-and-succession in your city?
* Are there homes that were once the best available that are now lived in by individuals of lesser economic status?

23. Sector Model
1939 (Hoyt) - Land uses in pie-shaped wedges radiating from CBD
High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground
Industry along river or rails
Low-income near industry
Middle-income between low and high sectors
DISCUSSION:
* How would you design the Sector Model to reflect your town or city's layout?

24. Multiple-Nuclei Model
Post WW2 - Early days of suburbanization
Downtown CBD not only core of busiiness land use
Other nuclei develop - special retail districts, office parks, light manufacturing in city
Metro areas develop “suburban downtowns” (called “edge cities”)
DISCUSSION:
* What areas are there other than the CBD which have a heavy concentration of non-residential land uses in this model?
* Where are they located?
* How does the Urban Realms concept differ from the original Multiple Nuclei Model?

25. Transportation and urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Do you recognize aspects of the layout of your town or city that are remnants of past transportation eras?

26. Located along freeways or beltways
“Edge cities” - suburban nodes: high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels - designed for auto travel -
Located along freeways or beltways
Philadelphia's Edge Cities
DISCUSSION:
* What are the elements required for a suburban area to be categorized as an "edge city"?

27. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Lack of coordinated planning between jurisdictions
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why?

28. Contemporary urban trends
Infill development (opposite of sprawl)
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"?

29. Contemporary urban trends
“New Urbanism”
Prospect Town, Longmont
DISCUSSION:
* What are the advantages of "new urbanism"?
* What are the drawbacks to "new urbanism"?

30. Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization
Contemporary urban trends
Gentrification and Downtown Revitalization

31. Applicability of classic land use models
Rings, sectors, and multiple nuclei are still seen, but overall pattern is complex
Family status tends to be distributed concentrically
Socioeconomic status tends to be radial
Ethnic status tends to be clustered
DISCUSSION:
* If you were to design a model applicable to most of today's major cities in the U.S. and Canada, how would you design it?

32. Essential tools in urban & regional planning
Geography and GIS
Essential tools in urban & regional planning

33. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

34. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

35. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/