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Chapter Five: Ancient Civilizations of India and China ______
Culture and Values, 6th Ed. Cunningham and Reich
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Indian Civilization The Indus River Valley Civilization
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Agriculture-based society (cotton) Centralization Ecological disasters Aryan invasions
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The Aryans Indus Valley settlements c. 1500 B.C.E. Uncertain origins
Sanskrit Caste System Agricultural / Pastoral Culture Tribal structure Epics: Ramayana, Mahabharata
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Aryan Religion Complex, precise ceremonies and rituals
The Vedas (Rig Veda) Core text of Hindu temple worship Upanishads Philosophical focus Brahman and Atman: “Tat tvam asi.”
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Hinduism Priest and temple + meditation and study
Puja Path to ultimate reality, Brahman Path of Asceticism Path of Karma Path of Devotion (bhakti)
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Buddha Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.E.) Fourfold Noble Path
Inescapability of suffering and death “Enlightened One” Fourfold Noble Path Eightfold Path Emphasis on ethical, moderate living Liberation through knowledge Truth lies within
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Emperor Ashoka Unified all of India Buddhism as state religion
Doctrine of Non-violence Rock Edicts Buddhist monks as missionaries
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[Image 5.2] Lion capital
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Hindu and Buddhist Art Hindu Art Religious in spirit Eroticism
Naturalism Unity in all life forms Avatars Buddhist Art Focus on spirituality Calm, transcendent images Buddha, Bodhisattvas Renunciation of worldly pleasures
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The Gupta Empire and Its Aftermath
Chandra Gupta I (C.E. 320) Chandra Gupta II (ruled ) “The Sun of Power” Decline of Buddhism, rise of Hinduism Gupta Literature Kalidasa’s Sakuntala Sudraka’s The Little Clay Cart
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The Gupta Empire and Its Aftermath
Gupta Science Foundation of large universities Mechanics, medicine, mathematics Collapse of Gupta Rule The White Huns Religion vs. Secular Politics
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Origins of Civilization in China
Shang Dynasty ( B.C.E.) Bronze craftsmanship Trade, commerce System of writing Chou Dynasty ( B.C.E.) Emperors coordinated separate kingdoms Period of the Warring States ( B.C.E.)
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Origins of Civilization in China
Confucianism Confucius ( B.C.E.) Creating a new, virtuous social order Five inner virtues, two outer virtues Purpose of the State Authority and discipline
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Origins of Civilization in China
Taoism Lao Tzu (570 B.C.E.) Limitations of human perceptions “the Way” (tao) Tao te ching Passivity and resignation “the soft yield of water cleaves the obstinate stone”
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The Unification of China
Ch’in Dynasty (221 B.C.E.) Shih Huang-ti, “First Emperor” Hsien-yang, captial city Centralization Burning of the Books The Great Wall The Emperor’s tomb
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The Unification of China
The Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E. - C.E. 202) Kao-tsu ( B.C.E.) Elaborate central bureaucracy Reconstruction of philosophical texts Aristocratic feuds / civil war T’ang Dynasty (C.E ) China’s Golden Age
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The Arts in Classical China: Literature
The Five Classics Popularity of poetry Li Po (C.E ) Philosophical writing Mahayana, Hinayana Buddhism Short story
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The Arts in Classical China: Visual Arts
Blend of new and traditional styles Direct impressions of daily life Shrines, monumental carvings Emphasis on craftsmanship Precision and clarity of design Calligraphy Emphasis on beauty of line
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Chapter Five: Discussion Questions
In what ways does the classical art of China reflect the values of the major philosophical schools of the time? Explain, citing specific examples of art. To what extent does literature serve as both an impediment of and a vehicle for reigning governments? Consider the use of literature during the various Chinese dynasties in comparison with the role of literature in the early Greek and Roman cultures. Explain the difference between Buddhism as it first emerged in India from the Hindu tradition versus the Buddhism practiced in China. To what can we attribute these differences?
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