2. CONTROLLING MIGRATION & INTERVENING OBSTACLES

3. U.S. QUOTA LAWS MOST COMMON REASONS VISAS GRANTED FOR SPECIAL EMPLOYMENT PLACEMENT & FAMILY REUNIFICATION ELLIS ISLAND 1892-1924, CLOSED IN 1954 UNRESTRICTED IMMIGRATION THEN 1921QUOTA ACT 1924 NATIONAL ORIGINS ACT: LIMITS 1965 HEMISPHERE QUOTAS 1978 GLOBAL QUOTAS 1986 IMMIGRATION & REFORM CONTROL ACT – LEGALIZATION OF UNDOCUMENTED ALIENS WHO CONTINUOUSLY RESIDED IN U.S. SINCE 1982, LEGALIZE CERTAIN AG WORKERS & FINES FOR EMPLOYERS WHO KNOWINGLY HIRE UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS 1990 RAISED GLOBAL QUOTA

4. QUOTAS – MAX LIMITS ON # NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS FAR EXCEED QUOTAS IN U.S. CONGRESS SETS PREFERENCES AS A RESULT FAMILY REUNIFICATION – RELATIVES ALREADY LIVE IN U.S. – 47.3% SKILLED WORKERS – 12.7% DIVERSITY – 5.4% QUOTAS DO NOT APPLY TO REFUGEE’S & ASYLUM SEEKERS FAMILY SPONSORED UNLIMITED AS LONG AS RELATED TO U.S. CITIZEN CRITICS OF U.S. POLICY DUE TO ‘BRAIN DRAIN’ – TAKING HIGHLY SKILLED DRAINS COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF THOSE THAT MAY CONTRIBUTE MOST TO THEIR OWN GROWTH

5. UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRATION THOSE WHO ENTER WITHOUT PROPER DOCUMENTATION Three-fifths of unauthorized immigrants are from Mexico, ABOUT 59% 2012 Figure 6: Unauthorized Population by Country of Origin, 2012 Source: Bryan Baker and Nancy Rytina, Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, March 2013), p. 5.

6. Roughly 4.5 million native-born U.S.-citizen children have at least one unauthorized parent. Pew estimates that unauthorized immigrants already in the United States had approximately 5.5 million children in 2010. Roughly 1 million of those children were themselves unauthorized immigrants, while the remaining 4.5 million were native-born U.S. citizens {Figure 8}. Figure 8: Children of Unauthorized Immigrants, by Legal Status, 2010 Source: Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, Unauthorized Immigrant Population: National and State Trends, 2010 (Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, February 1, 2011), p. 13.

7. Unauthorized immigrants account for roughly 1-in-20 workers. Pew estimates that unauthorized immigrants comprised 5.2 percent of the U.S. labor force in 2010, nearly unchanged from the 2009 estimate of 5.1 percent. This is down from a high of 5.5 percent in 2007 and up from 3.8 percent in 2000 {Figure 3}. Source: Jeffrey S. Passel, D’Vera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Population Decline of Unauthorized Immigrants Stalls, May Have Reversed (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, September 23, 2013), p. 9.

8. U.S. MEXICO BORDER 1,951 MILES U.S. BORDER FENCE ALONG ABOUT ¼ OF BORDER CAN CROSS LEGALLY IN PLACES NORTHERN MEXICAN BORDER SOURCE OF LEGAL & UNAUTHORIZED EMIGRATION SOUTHERN BORDER WITH GUATEMALA – GUATEMALA SOURCE OF UNAUTHORIZED EMIGRATION TO MEXICO MANY EL SALVADORIANS & HONDURANS CROSS INTO MEXICO ON THEIR WAY TO U.S. BORDER

9. ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRANTS - CHARACTERISTICS & CONCERNS IN U.S. & EUROPE UNITED STATES ISSUE IS COMPLEX: VIEWS VARY RAVENSTEIN: 1) MOST LONG DISTANCE IMMIGRANTS MALE, 2) ADULTS RATHER THAN FAMILIES W/ KIDS BUT 1990’S PATTERN REVERESED IN 55% FEMALE DUE TO CHANGING ROLES OF WOMEN IN MEXICO YOUNG ADULT PATTERN STILL HOLDS TRUE – LOOKING FOR WORK WITH MORE WOMEN, MORE KIDS IN U.S. UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRATION MAJOR CONCERN CONCERNS: BORDER PATROLS, WORKPLACE, CIVIL RIGHTS & LOCAL INITIATIVES AZ SB1070 The U.S. Supreme Court has upheld the most hotly disputed part of Arizona’s anti-immigrant law, S.B. 1070, which requires police to determine the immigration status of someone arrested or detained when there is “reasonable suspicion” they are not in the U.S. legally. PASSED 2010 EUROPE IN EUROPE CULTURAL DIVERSITY EUROPEANS MORE RIGHTS THAN EVER TO MIGRATE W/I EUROPE BUT FOR NON-EUROS MORE DIFFICULT SOUTH & EASTERN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN & NORTH & WESTERN COUNTRIES DESTINATION MOST COUNTRIES STAGE 4 DTM HOSTILE POLITICAL PARTIES: IMM. SOURCE OF CRIME, UNEMPLOY, WELFARE COSTS EUROPEANS WERE THE EMIGRANTS 18 TH – 19 TH CENTURIES, FACED SAME CHALLENGES AS MODERN IMMIGRANTS