1. Content Distribution Networks CPE 401 / 601 Computer Network Systems Modified from Ravi Sundaram, Janardhan R. Iyengar, and others

2. Content and Internet Traffic Internet traffic: 1. Shifts seismically (email  FTP  Web  P2P  video) 2. Has many small/unpopular and few large/popular flows Zipf popularity distribution, 1/k Shows up as a line on log-log plot

3. Server Farms and Web Proxies (1) Server farms enable large-scale Web servers:  Front-end load-balances requests over servers  Servers access the same backend database

4. Server Farms and Web Proxies (2) Proxy caches help organizations to scale the Web  Caches server content over clients for performance  implements organization policies (e.g., access)

5. HTTP Caching  Clients often cache documents  When should origin be checked for changes?  Every time? Every session? Date?  HTTP includes caching information in headers  HTTP 0.9/1.0 used: “Expires: ”; “Pragma: no-cache”  HTTP/1.1 has “Cache-Control” “No-Cache”, “Private”, “Max-age: ” “E-tag: ”  If not expired, use cached copy  If expired, use condition GET request to origin  “If-Modified-Since: ”, “If-None-Match: ”  304 (“Not Modified”) or 200 (“OK”) response 5

6. Web Proxy Caches  User configures browser: Web accesses via cache  Browser sends all HTTP requests to cache  Object in cache: cache returns object  Else: cache requests object from origin, then returns to client 6 client Proxy server client HTTP request HTTP response HTTP request HTTP response origin server origin server

7. Caching Example (1) Assumptions  Average object size = 100K bits  Avg. request rate from browsers to origin servers = 20/sec  Delay from institutional router to any origin server and back to router = 2 sec Consequences  Utilization on LAN = 20%  Utilization on access link = 100%  Total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + minutes + milliseconds 7 origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 1.5 Mbps access link

8. Caching Example (2) Possible Solution  Increase bandwidth of access link to, say, 10 Mbps  Often a costly upgrade Consequences  Utilization on LAN = 20%  Utilization on access link = 20%  Total delay = Internet delay + access delay + LAN delay = 2 sec + milliseconds 8 origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 10 Mbps access link

9. Caching Example (3) Install Cache  Support hit rate is 60% Consequences  60% requests satisfied almost immediately (say 10 msec)  40% requests satisfied by origin  Utilization of access link down to 53%, yielding negligible delays  Weighted average of delays =.6*2 s +.4*10 ms < 1.3 s 9 origin servers public Internet institutional network 10 Mbps LAN 1.5 Mbps access link institutional cache

10. When a single cache isn’t enough  What if the working set is > proxy disk?  Cooperation!  A static hierarchy  Check local  If miss, check siblings  If miss, fetch through parent  Internet Cache Protocol (ICP)  ICPv2 in RFC 2186 (& 2187)  UDP-based, short timeout 10 public Internet Parent web cache

11. Problems with discussed approaches: Server farms and Caching proxies Server farms do nothing about problems due to network congestion, or to improve latency issues due to the network Caching proxies serve only their clients, not all users on the Internet Content providers (say, Web servers) cannot rely on existence and correct implementation of caching proxies Accounting issues with caching proxies. For instance, www.cnn.com needs to know the number of hits to the webpage for advertisements displayed on the webpage

12. Problems  Significant fraction (>50% ) of HTTP objects un-cacheable  Sources of dynamism?  Dynamic data: Stock prices, scores, web cams  CGI scripts: results based on passed parameters  Cookies: results may be based on passed data  SSL: encrypted data is not cacheable  Advertising / analytics: owner wants to measure # hits Random strings in content to ensure unique counting  But…most dynamic content is small,  while static content is large (images, video,.js,.css, etc.) 12

13. Content Distribution Networks (CDNs)  Content providers are CDN customers Content replication  CDN company installs thousands of servers throughout Internet  In large datacenters  or, close to users  CDN replicates customers’ content  When provider updates content, CDN updates servers 13 origin server in North America CDN distribution node CDN server in S. America CDN server in Europe CDN server in Asia

14. Internet Content Providers End Users The Web: Simple on the Outside…

15. NAP UUNet Qwest AOL Network Providers Content Providers End Users Peering Points …But Problematic on the Inside

16. Why does my click not work  Latency - Browser takes a long time to load the page  Packet Loss - Browser hangs, user needs to hit refresh  Jitter - Streams are jerky  Server load - Browser connects but does not fully load the page  Broken/missing content

17. The Akamai Solution Servers at Network Edge Content Providers End Users NAP

18. Benefits of CDNs  Improved end-user experience  reduce latency  reduce loss  reduce jitter  Reduced network congestion  Increased scalability  Improved fault-tolerance  Reduced vulnerability  Reduced costs

19. Caches are used by ISPs to reduce bandwidth consumption, CDNs are used by content providers to improve quality of service to end users Caches are reactive, CDNs are proactive Caching proxies cater to their users (web clients) and not to content providers (web servers), CDNs cater to the content providers (web servers) and clients CDNs give control over the content to the content providers, caching proxies do not CDN vs. Caching Proxies

20. CDNs – Content Delivery Networks (1) CDNs scale Web servers by having clients get content from a nearby CDN node (cache)

21. Content Delivery Networks (2) Directing clients to nearby CDN nodes with DNS:  Client query returns local CDN node as response  Local CDN node caches content for nearby clients and reduces load on the origin server

22. Content Delivery Networks (3) Origin server rewrites pages to serve content via CDN Page that distributes content via CDN Traditional Web page on server

23. Surrogate Request Routing Infrastructure Distribution and Accounting Infrastructure CDN CDN Architecture Origin Server Client

24. Content Delivery Infrastructure: Delivering content to clients from surrogates Request Routing Infrastructure: Steering or directing content request from a client to a suitable surrogate Distribution Infrastructure: Moving or replicating content from content source (origin server, content provider) to surrogates Accounting Infrastructure: Logging and reporting of distribution and delivery activities CDN Components

25. Server Interaction with CDN Distribution Infrastructure 1 1.Origin server pushes new content to CDN OR CDN pulls content from origin server Accounting Infrastructure 2 2. Origin server requests logs and other accounting info from CDN OR CDN provides logs and other accounting info to origin server CDN Origin Server www.cnn.com

26. Request Routing Infrastructure Client Interaction with CDN 1 1. Hi! I need www.cnn.com/sochi 2 2.Go to surrogate delaware.cnn.akamai.com 3 3. Hi! I need content /sochi Q: How did the CDN choose the Delaware surrogate over the California surrogate ? Client Surrogate (DE) Surrogate (CA) CDN california.cnn.akamai.com delaware.cnn.akamai.com

27. Content Distribution Networks & Server Selection  Replicate content on many servers  Challenges  How to replicate content  Where to replicate content  How to find replicated content  How to choose among known replicas  How to direct clients towards replicas 27

28. Server Selection  Which server?  Lowest load: to balance load on servers  Best performance: to improve client performance Based on Geography? RTT? Throughput? Load?  Any alive node: to provide fault tolerance  How to direct clients to a particular server?  As part of routing: anycast, cluster load balancing  As part of application: HTTP redirect  As part of naming: DNS 28

29. Trade-offs between approaches  Routing based (IP anycast)  Pros: Transparent to clients, circumvents many routing issues  Cons: Little control, complex, scalability  Application based (HTTP redirects)  Pros: Application-level, fine-grained control  Cons: Additional load and RTTs, hard to cache  Naming based (DNS selection)  Pros: Well-suitable for caching, reduce RTTs  Cons: Request by resolver not client, request for domain not URL, hidden load factor of resolver’s population Much of this data can be estimated “over time” 29

30. DNS based Request-Routing Common due to the ubiquity of DNS as a directory service Specialized DNS server inserted in DNS resolution process DNS server is capable of returning a different set of A, NS or CNAME records based on policies/metrics

31. DNS based Request-Routing Akamai DNS DNS query: www.cnn.com DNS response: A 145.155.10.15 Session local DNS server (louie.udel.edu) 128.4.4.12 DNS query: www.cnn.com DNS response: A 145.155.10.15 www.cnn.com Surrogate 145.155.10.15 Surrogate 58.15.100.152 Akamai CDN merlot.cis.udel. edu 128.4.30.15 delaware.cnn.akamai.com california.cnn.akamai.com Q: How does the Akamai DNS know which surrogate is closest ?

32. DNS based Request-Routing DNS query DNS response Session Akamai DNS www.cnn.com Surrogate Akamai CDN merlot.cis.udel. edu 128.4.30.15 local DNS server (louie.udel.edu) 128.4.4.12 DNS query DNS response Measure to Client DNS Measure to Client DNS Measurement results Measurements

33. What is the Mapping Problem  Problem of directing requests to servers so as to optimize end-user experience  reduce latency  reduce loss  reduce jitter  Assumption - servers are fine  Applicable to 2 mirrors or 1000s of Akamai locations

34. Server Selection Metrics Network Proximity (Surrogate to Client): -Network hops (traceroute) -Internet mapping services (NetGeo, IDMaps) -…-… Surrogate Load: -Number of active TCP connections -HTTP request arrival rate -Other OS metrics -…-… Bandwidth Availability …

35. Attempt  Measure which is closer  Closeness changes over time  Measure frequently  Bothers people  Too many to do ~500,000 unique nameservers on any given day 10 sec per measurement cycle

36. Idea  Topology  relatively static  changes in BGP time  order of hours if not days  Congestion  dynamic  changes in round-trip time  order of milliseconds

37. Set cover  Let sets represent proxy points  Let elements represent nameservers  Find minimum collection of proxy points covering nameservers X covers 1, 2, 3 and 4 X 1 234

38. Topology Discovery  At each mirror maintain list of partial paths to nameservers  At each epoch extend paths by 1, in randomized fashion, and exchange with other mirror  If the two (partial) paths to a namerver have intersected then declare that nameserver done.  If path has reached forbidden IP then wait  Use pair of proxies in case of failure

39. Topology Discovery 500,000 nameservers reduced to 90,000 proxy points (clusters) Problem - Still too many measurements to do. 90,000 measurements every 10s with 32B packets requires a few Mbps per mirror. Solution Solution - Importance based sampling 7,000 account for 95% end-user load! Maps built every 10s

40. CDN Types (Skeletal) CDNs Hosting CDNRelaying CDN Partial Site Content Delivery Full Site Content Delivery URL Rewriting DNS based Request Routing Techniques

41. Value of a CDN Scale: Aggregate infrastructure size Reach: Diversity of content locations (diverse placement of surrogates) Request routing efficiency, delivery techniques

42. How Akamai Works  Clients fetch html document from primary server  E.g. fetch index.html from cnn.com  URLs for replicated content are replaced in HTML  E.g. replaced with  Or, cache.cnn.com, and CNN adds CNAME (alias) for cache.cnn.com  a73.g.akamai.net  Client resolves aXYZ.g.akamaitech.net hostname  Maps to a server in one of Akamai’s clusters 42

43. How Akamai Works  Akamai only replicates static content  At least, simple version. Akamai also lets sites write code that run on their servers, but that’s a pretty different beast  Modified name contains original file name  Akamai server is asked for content 1. Checks local cache 2. Check other servers in local cluster 3. Otherwise, requests from primary server and cache file  CDN is a large-scale, distributed network  Akamai has ~25K servers spread over ~1K clusters world-wide  Why do you want servers in many different locations?  Why might video distribution architectures be different? 43

44. How Akamai Works  Root server gives NS record for akamai.net  This nameserver returns NS record for g.akamai.net  Nameserver chosen to be in region of client’s name server  TTL is large  g.akamai.net nameserver chooses server in region  Should try to chose server that has file in cache  Uses aXYZ name and hash  TTL is small  Small modification to before: CNAME cache.cnn.com  cache.cnn.com.akamaidns.net CNAME cache.cnn.com.akamaidns.net  a73.g.akamai.net 44

45. How Akamai Works – Already Cached End-user 45 cnn.com (content provider)DNS root serverAkamai server 12 Akamai high-level DNS server Akamai low-level DNS server Nearby hash-chosen Akamai server 7 8 9 10 GET index. html GET /cnn.com/foo.jpg

46. How Akamai Works End-user 46 cnn.com (content provider)DNS root serverAkamai server 123 4 Akamai high-level DNS server Akamai low-level DNS server Nearby hash-chosen Akamai server 11 6 7 8 9 10 GET index. html GET /cnn.com/foo.jpg 12 GET foo.jpg 5