1. Wave-Particle Duality 1: The Beginnings of Quantum Mechanics

2. Define the relationship between quantum, photon and electron. Describe how a produced line spectra relates to the Bohr diagram for a specific element. Additional KEY Terms Absorption SpectraThreshold energy

3. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Under certain conditions, shining light on a metal surface will eject electrons. Electrons given enough energy (threshold energy) can escape the attraction of the nucleus. *Light is acting like a “particle” in this experiment – collision.

4. Einstein (1905) - electromagnetic radiation is a stream of tiny bundles of energy called photons. Photons have no mass but carry a quantum of energy. One photon can remove one electron. Light is an electromagnetic wave, yet it contains particle-like photons of energy.

5. Only high frequency light (and so high energy) will eject electrons - acting as particle. Can only explain this if thought as photons in a collision

6. Only more intense light (higher amplitude) will eject more electrons - acting as wave. Can only explain this if thought as changing the size of the wave

8. Bohr (1913) – restricting electrons to fixed orbits (n) with different quantized energy levels. Created a math equation for energy of each orbit. Equations correctly predicted the line colours of hydrogen spectra. Energy n = -(2.18 x 10 -18 J)/n 2

9. 1.Electron absorbs radiation and jumps from ground state (its resting state) to a higher unstable energy level (excited state). 2.Electron soon loses energy and drops back down to a lower energy level – emitting the absorbed EMR. Free Atom e−e− EMR e−e− Ground State e−e− Excited State Ionization Absorption EMR nucleus > Threshold Energy < Threshold Energy

10. ΔE = E higher-energy orbit - E lower-energy orbit = E photon emitted = hf

11. Levels are discrete like quanta – no in between. Each jump/drop is associated with a specific frequency photon - same transition, same photon.

12. The size of nucleus will affect electron position around the atom. Cl: 17 e - Na: 11 p + 11 e - 17 p +

13. *Each element has a unique line spectrum as each element has a unique atomic configuration.

14. Absorption spectrum – portion of visible light absorbed by an element – heating up. Emission spectrum – portion of visible light emitted by that element – cooling down.

15. Compton (1922) – first experiment to show particle and wave properties of EMR simultaneously. Incoming x-rays lost energy and scattered in a way that can be explained with physics of collisions.

16. CAN YOU / HAVE YOU? Define the relationship between quantum, photon and electron. Describe how a produced line spectra relates to the Bohr diagram for a specific element. Additional KEY Terms Absorption SpectraThreshold energy