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Surgery for cervical spine disease
Patrick Statham, Consultant Neurosurgeon, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
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Format Anatomy and load bearing Spectrum of Pathology
Clinical examination and assessment Differential diagnosis Special tests Approaches Instrumentation and prosthesies Specific pathology The future
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Functional units: anatomy and pathology
Occiput C1 and C2 C3 to C7 Cervicothoracic junction
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Longus colli
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Spinal cord anatomy
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Gross cervical cord anatomy
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Human cervical spine
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Occipital-Atlanto Complex C0 C1
C0-C1 Flex/Ext 10-15° 13° Lat Flex 8° Axial Rot 0°
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Atlanto-Axial Complex C1 C2
C1-C2 Flex/Ext 10° Lat Flex 0° Axial Rot 47° 40% to 50% of axial Rotation The first 45° of axial rotation
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Atlanto-Axial Complex C1 C2 – Coupling C1 C2 Biconvex cartilagenous articulation Double threaded screw
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Cervical Spine Kinematics & Anatomy
Flexion/Extension 145° Axial rotation 180° Lateral flexion ° Atypical C1 C2 C7 Typical C3-C6
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Lower cervical Spine C3-C7 – Coupling
On lateral bending the spinous processes go to the covexity of the curve C2-2° of coupled axial rot for every 3° of lateral bending C7-2° of coupled axial rot for every 7.5° of lateral bending Angle of incline of the facet joints in the sagittal plane increases cephalocaudally
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Cervical Spine instability
Misjudgement – Death or major neurological deficit – Un-necessary surgery with risk of surgical complications Definition “Clinical stability is defined as the ability of the spine to limit its patterns of displacement under physiologic loads so as not to damage the spinal cord or nerve roots.” White and Panjabi Clin Orthopaedics 1975
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Cervical Spine instability C0 C1 C2
Transverse ligament 7-8 mm Tectorial membrane Posterior A-O A-A membranes Nuchal Ligament Wolf et al. J Mt Sinai Hosp. NY. 23:283,1956
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Cervical Spine instability C2-C7
Flex-Ext All ant structures + 1 post All post structures + ant Laminectomy In children - Kyphosis
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Cervical Spine instability C2-C7
Radiology
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Cervical Spine instability C2-C7
A Check List Ant elements destroyed 2 Post elements destroyed 2 Sagittal translation >3.5 mm 2 Sagittal angulation > 11° 2 Spinal cord damage 1 Nerve root damage 1 Abnormal disc narrowing 1 Dangerous Loading anticipated 1 Total of 5 or more = unstable White et al Spine 1:15, 1976.
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Spectrum of pathology Prolapsed discs, osteophytic compression: ‘wear and repair’ Inflammatory: rheumatoid, ankylosing spondylitis Trauma: odontoid, rotatory subluxation Neoplastic: meningiomas, schwannomas, metastatic cord compression,intrinsic cord Congenital Klippel Feil, fused, Down’s, enterogenous cysts Infection: discitis, osteomyelitis, epidural abscess
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Clinical examination Posture Tone Clothing zips, velcro Power
Sensation Deep tendon reflexes Co ordination Gait Clothing zips, velcro Aids: stick, wheelchair Deformity OA,RhA, AS, klippel feil, Downs Other disease; cancer
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dermatomes
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Diagnosis MRI CT or CT myelogram Nerve conduction studies Blood CSF
Multiple sclerosis Mononeuritis multiplex Peripheral n entrapment (median, ulnar) SACDC Brachial amyotrophy
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Clinical assessment Natural history of condition
Risks and benefits of the intervention Alternatives; collar halo physiotherapy Appropriateness for this particular patient
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Surgical approaches C1/2 anterior: trans oral
C1/2 posterior: midline sub-occipital Sub-axial anterior: anterior cervical decompression Sub-axial posterior: cervical laminectomy, laminoplasty, foramenotomy
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Results: NASCIS 2 6 weeks: ‘no statistical difference between groups’
6 months: MPSS improved PP (p=0.012), Touch (p=0.042) 1 year:(95%) ‘no significant differences in neurological function by treatment group’
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Bracken 1993: segmental and longtract recovery in NASCIS 2
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Disc prolapse C6/7
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Anterior cervical approach
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PATIENT POSITIONING Hdvhjfdvfd
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Plate removal, disc decompression, solis cage and graft
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Total discectomy, iliac graft,
Anterior locking plate
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