1. Elements from Stardust

2. Build a Diagram Find Hydrogen 1, Hydrogen 2 and Hydrogen 3 Bohr atom models. Illustrate Find typical Helium Bohr atom models. Illustrate

3. How might Hydrogen atoms combine to form a helium atom? Draw a diagram to illustrate your hypothesis. Why would Hydrogen nuclei with neutrons be important for this process?

4. Atomic Nuclei Collide Like many other stars, the Sun is made mostly of one element………Hydrogen. Like many other stars, the Sun is made mostly of one element………Hydrogen. This Hydrogen exists at tremendously high pressures and hot temperatures. This Hydrogen exists at tremendously high pressures and hot temperatures. The temperature in the Sun’s core is about 15 million degrees Celsius. The temperature in the Sun’s core is about 15 million degrees Celsius.

5. At the high pressures and hot temperatures found inside the sun and other stars, Hydrogen does not exist as either a solid, liquid or gas. Instead, it exists in a plasma state. Plasma state of mater, atoms are stripped of their electrons and the nuclei are packed close together.

6. Remember that atomic nuclei contain protons, which means that nuclei are positively charged. Normally, positively charged nuclei repel each other. But inside stars, where matter is in the plasma state, nuclei are close enough and moving fast enough to collide with each other.

7. When colliding nuclei have enough energy, they can join together in a process called nuclear fusion. When colliding nuclei have enough energy, they can join together in a process called nuclear fusion. In nuclear fusion, atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing huge amounts of energy in the process. In nuclear fusion, atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing huge amounts of energy in the process. Inside stars, nuclear fusion combines smaller nuclei into larger nuclei, thus creating heavier elements. Inside stars, nuclear fusion combines smaller nuclei into larger nuclei, thus creating heavier elements.

9. Elements from the Sun A Hydrogen nucleus always contains one proton. However, different types of Hydrogen nuclei can contain 2 neutrons, 1 neutron or no neutrons at all. A Hydrogen nucleus always contains one proton. However, different types of Hydrogen nuclei can contain 2 neutrons, 1 neutron or no neutrons at all. Inside the Sun, Hydrogen nuclei undergo a nuclear fusion reaction that produces Helium nuclei. Inside the Sun, Hydrogen nuclei undergo a nuclear fusion reaction that produces Helium nuclei. It requires a Hydrogen with Neutrons in the nuclei. It requires a Hydrogen with Neutrons in the nuclei. This for of Hydrogen is rare on Earth, but is more common inside the sun. This for of Hydrogen is rare on Earth, but is more common inside the sun.

10. Two Hydrogen nuclei fuse together, they release a great deal of energy. Two Hydrogen nuclei fuse together, they release a great deal of energy. This reaction is the major source of the energy that the sun no produces. This reaction is the major source of the energy that the sun no produces. Hydrogen is the fuel that powers the sun. Hydrogen is the fuel that powers the sun. The sun will eventually run out of Hydrogen, in an estimated 5 billion years. The sun will eventually run out of Hydrogen, in an estimated 5 billion years.

11. More and more Helium builds up in the core, the sun’s temperature and volume also changes. More and more Helium builds up in the core, the sun’s temperature and volume also changes. These changes allow different nuclei fusion reactions to occur. These changes allow different nuclei fusion reactions to occur. Over time, two or more Helium nuclei combine to form the nuclei of slightly heavier elements. Over time, two or more Helium nuclei combine to form the nuclei of slightly heavier elements. First two Helium nucleus can join wit the berylium nucleus, forming a carbon nucleus. First two Helium nucleus can join wit the berylium nucleus, forming a carbon nucleus. A Helium nucleus can join with a carbon nucleus forming Oxygen. A Helium nucleus can join with a carbon nucleus forming Oxygen. But stars the size of our Sun do not have enough energy to produce elements heavier than oxygen. But stars the size of our Sun do not have enough energy to produce elements heavier than oxygen.

12. Elements From Large Stars As they age, larger stars become even hotter than the sun. As they age, larger stars become even hotter than the sun. These stars are large enough to produce heavier elements like Magnesium and Silicon. These stars are large enough to produce heavier elements like Magnesium and Silicon. In Massive stars, fusion continues until the core is almost all iron. In Massive stars, fusion continues until the core is almost all iron.

13. The matter in the sun and planets around it, including Earth, originally came from a gigantic supernova that occurred billions of years ago. If this is true, it means that everything around you was created in a star.

14. Characteristics of Stars

15. Astronomers estimate 300-400 billion stars exists just in our galaxy alone with over an approximate 100 million different galaxies like ours. Astronomers estimate 300-400 billion stars exists just in our galaxy alone with over an approximate 100 million different galaxies like ours. These stars differ in many features, including size, mass, color These stars differ in many features, including size, mass, color, temperature, and brightness.

16. Our Star Our sun has a diameter of about 1,392,684km, or about 109 times the diameter of Earth. Our sun has a diameter of about 1,392,684km, or about 109 times the diameter of Earth. The sun is actually a medium sized star. The sun is actually a medium sized star. Medium sized stars make up the majority of the stars you can see in the sky. Medium sized stars make up the majority of the stars you can see in the sky. ¾ of the sun is made of Hydrogen with the rest being mostly Helium. ¾ of the sun is made of Hydrogen with the rest being mostly Helium. The remaining trace elements such as oxygen, neon, carbon and iron etc. The remaining trace elements such as oxygen, neon, carbon and iron etc.

17. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class and it is informally designated as a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of the spectrum, and although it is actually white in color, from the surface of the Earth it may appear yellow because of atmospheric scattering of blue light The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class and it is informally designated as a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of the spectrum, and although it is actually white in color, from the surface of the Earth it may appear yellow because of atmospheric scattering of blue lightG-type main-sequence starspectral classspectrumatmospheric scatteringG-type main-sequence starspectral classspectrumatmospheric scattering G2 indicates its surface temperature, of approximately 5778 K G2 indicates its surface temperature, of approximately 5778 Ksurface temperaturesurface temperature V indicates generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. V indicates generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium.nuclear fusionnucleinuclear fusionnuclei Sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second. Sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.

18. http://www.kidsastronomy.com/stars.htm Using the above labeled website research each of the following getting basic facts. Using the above labeled website research each of the following getting basic facts. Also sketch what each on would look like. Also sketch what each on would look like. Red Dwarf Star Yellow Star Blue Giant Star Giant Star Super Giant Star