2. PLANT PROPAGATION

3. Propagation The multiplication of a kind or species. Reproduction of a species.

4. Sexual Propagation Propagation from seeds. Pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

5. Germination Rates Percent of seeds that sprout 75 out of 100=75% Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature and moisture. Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed.

6. Seeds Plant depth depends on the size of seeds larger seeds are planted deeper water small seeds from bottom by soaking Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat

7. Seedlings (small plants) Transplant when first true leaves appear Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants

8. Seeds to Seedlings

9. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction Fast way to get many plants Easy to do Economical

10. Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

11. Asexual Reproduction Uses growing plant parts other than seeds Types of asexual reproduction: cuttings layering division or separation budding grafting tissue culture

12. Rooting from Cuttings Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep Best time of day is early mornings because plants have more moisture Types of cuttings: stem leaf root

13. Stem Cuttings Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants using hormones and dipping in fungicides help speed up rooting

14. Leaf cuttings Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants from herbaceous plants vein must be cut

15. Stem Cuttings-Step 1 Gather all materials needed

16. Stem Cuttings-Step 2 Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip

17. Stem Cuttings-Step 3 Remove lower leaves from the shoot

18. Stem Cuttings-Step 4 Dip cut surface in rooting hormone

19. Stem Cuttings-Step 5 Thoroughly moisten rooting medium

20. Stem Cuttings-Step 6 Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media

21. Stem Cuttings-Step 7 Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench in a warm area away from direct sunlight.

22. Stem Cuttings-Step 8 Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully and transplanted

23. Root Cuttings Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants should be three inches apart in rooting area

24. Layering Scarring a small area of stem to produce new plants air layering trench layering mound layering

25. Trench Layering

26. Division or Separation Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for reproduction bulbs corms rhizomes tubers runners stolons suckers

27. Bulbs

28. Grafting Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant. Wedge Graft Approach Graft

29. Grafting Terms Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of the graft

30. Methods of Grafting If the scion and rootstock are the same size wedge splice whip and tongue approach

31. Methods of Grafting If the scion is smaller than the rootstock cleft side notch bark inlay

32. Budding A form of grafting when a bud is used patch budding T-budding Chip Budding

33. How to perform T-budding Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

34. Tissue Culture Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a sterile environment The most plants in a short time True to parent plant

35. Advantages of Asexual Production Plants mature in a shorter time Budding is faster than grafting In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on a covered stem Some plants do not produce viable seed New plants are the same as the parent plant

36. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source Some plants are patented making propagation illegal

37. The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture

38. What is Biotechnology? The use of cells or components (parts) of cells to produce products or processes

39. Methods Tissue culture or micropropagation Cloning Genetic Engineering

40. Tissue Culture Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or aseptic environment on agar gel or other nutrient- growing media to produce thousands of identical plants

41. Cloning Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual tissue

42. Genetic Engineering Movement of genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another cell to modify or change the genetic make-up

43. Benefits of Biotechnology Produce many identical plants in a short time Increase disease and insect resistance Increase tolerance to heat and cold Increase weed tolerance

44. Benefits of Biotechnology Increase tolerance to drought Improve environment Increase production Other genetic changes