1. NET-REPLAY: A NEW NETWORK PRIMITIVE Ashok Anand Aditya Akella University of Wisconsin, Madison

2. Network is a black box 2 Network End hosts Black box view No standardized way for network to inform, where and why glitch occurred  This keeps network simple and efficient  However, end hosts have to resort to complicated logic to infer the nature of glitches Packet lost or delayed

3. Current tools for locating glitches 3  Probing tools  Tulip[SOSP 2003] sends multiple probes to routers on the path, and use their response to infer the nature of glitches  Issues with such approach  Out-of-band troubleshooting  Probe packets can be treated differently  Transient failures hard to detect

4. What if network could tell end-hosts about glitches? 4 Network End hosts Where and why glitch occurred  End hosts can take better actions  No need to reduce flow rate, if packet loss was not due to congestion  Route around glitches using alternate routes via multi-homing or recent routing protocol enhancements like path-splicing etc  Benefits emerging applications e.g. gaming, video streaming etc to achieve more robust network performance

5. Network-assisted troubleshooting 5  Design requirement  Keep the network as simple as possible  While enabling end hosts to determine where and why glitches occurred  Our design: Net-Replay  Router remember the packets they have forwarded  Routers annotate packet (e.g. with their identifier) that they see for the first time  When some glitch occurs, sender replays those packets who had experienced the glitch  Based on annotations, receiver determines the nature of glitch experienced by the original packet

6. Using Net-Replay to characterize loss 6 Remember the green packet and annotate before forwarding ABC AAAA Re-play the lost packet BB Replayed packet was seen for the first time at B Packet already present at router A Sender Receiver  Receiver infers that packet was dropped at A-B link

7. Outline 7  Supporting Net-Replay functionality in network  End hosts using Net-Replay  Discussion

8. Outline 8  Supporting Net-Replay functionality in network  End hosts using Net-Replay  Discussion

9. Basic support at router 9 Packet Compute hash Hash  Compute hash  Exclude mutable fields (e.g. TTL)  Finding if new packet was already seen by the router  Look-up hash in Hashstore  Remember new packet as seen  Store hash pointing to packet in Hashstore  Evict the oldest packet, if Hashstore becomes full  Simple hash table implementation in DRAM for speeds like 2.4 Gbps  SRAM for higher speed (40 Gbps)  16 MB SRAM currently available Hash Packet Hashstore

10. High speed Hashstore implementation 10  Use bloom-filters  What about false positives?  Can probabilistically report the location of glitches  What about packet eviction?  Use 2 bloom filters: primary and secondary  When primary is half filled, start using both  When primary is fully filled, copy secondary to primary and clear out secondary  How much time worth packets are stored in 16 MB SRAM?  Up to 3s at 40 Gbps with average packet size of 600 bytes Greater than10 RTTs assuming RTT < 250 ms  Sufficient enough for end-applications to react

11. Outline 11  Supporting Net-Replay functionality in network  End hosts using Net-Replay  Deployment discussion, cheating Issues and new applications enabled by Net-Replay

12. How end hosts can use Net-Replay? 12  Characterizing glitches  Packet loss Replay lost packet  Delay Router remembers which packets were delayed Replay delayed packet  Reordering If it happened due to route changes, sender could know the first router where route changed Replay reordered packet

13. End host protocol stack 13  Higher layer should decide the policy of handling glitches  TCP layer can tell higher layer the nature of glitches e.g. loss  After loss, TCP layer retransmits packet (in current TCP protocols)  Uses retransmitted packet to find the nature of loss  Receiver sends the information about loss back to sender along with ACK TCP layer Application or higher layer Nature of glitches Decide how to overcome glitches MIRO/ Path splicing Or no action

14. Outline 14  Supporting Net-Replay functionality in network  End hosts using Net-Replay  Discussion

15. Deployment discussion 15  Partial deployment  Net-replay can be deployed on few routers and can be used to find the nature of glitches in path segments Border routers of ISP and information per domain  Avoiding device modifications  Can be deployed in 2-port hardware switches as bumps in the wire Net-Replay agnostic devices Net-Replay aware bumps in the wire

16. Other applications 16  Network tomography uses complicated logic to infer link loss rates  With Net-Replay, location of loss can be precisely determined  Simplifies network tomography  Packets can be moved from fast memory to disks in batches  Can be used for debugging distributed applications  Useful for network operators to find the performance at fine grained level

17. Conclusion 17  Net-Replay helps applications perform in-band characterization of glitches  Net-Replay requires simple support from network infrastructure  End hosts can get robust network performance using Net-Replay

18. Questions 18  Thank you

19. Backup 19

20. Hashstore implementation 20  Simple hash table in DRAM (50 ns latency) good enough at 2.5 Gbps  Lookup and store: 100 ns per packet  40B packets arrive every 128ns at 2.5 Gbps  However DRAM latency can’t match 40Gbps; requires faster memory like SRAM  Current SRAM up to 16MB only; Need space-efficient data structure

21. Cheating issues 21  ISP inserts wrong annotations to ensure that it is never considered accountable for glitches  Chances are that ISP is caught  ISP modifies ACK packet, if it finds its router is causing glitches  Use encrypted ACK  Possibly other issues and need to investigate