1. SOREME PROJECT (LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109) EIGHTEEN MONTHS MEETING ENEA ACTIVITIES Faenza Research Laboratories Bologna Research Center LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109

2. ENEA activities- LCA and LCC studies Short introduction to Life cycle thinking and LCA Activities in the SOREME project Goal and scope definition Data collection (LCA and LCC) Some open questions Time Table LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109

3. TEMPERATURE SETTING UP TO 1650 °C Life Cycle Assessment  LCA is a technique for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or service system through all stages of its life cycle  It is the only standardised method to quantify a broad range of environmental impact categories  It provides scientific, detailed and quantitative information to identify/prevent environmental burdens shifting among the different phases of the life cycle, and the different impact categories  It allows for a comparative assessment between different product/services/systems performing the same function  It support optimisation processes whenever a trade off exist. Source: Lepech (2010), Stanford University,

4. LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109 Main steps of an LCA study (ISO 14040-14044) Interpretation Inventory analysis Inventory analysis Impact assessment Impact assessment Goal and scope definition Goal and scope definition Why and to whom the study is carried out System, its functions, functional unit and boundaries are defined Rules and assumptions are established Why and to whom the study is carried out System, its functions, functional unit and boundaries are defined Rules and assumptions are established The process flow chart is described Energy, water and materials use and environmental releases are quantified (different data sources) Data are combined in the flow chart and related to the functional unit The process flow chart is described Energy, water and materials use and environmental releases are quantified (different data sources) Data are combined in the flow chart and related to the functional unit Effects of resources use and emissions generated are grouped in a limited number of impact categories (e.g. global warming, human toxicity) and quantified Needs and opportunities of reducing impacts are identified Quality of the study (completeness, consistency, sensitivity check) is evaluated

5. LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109 Goal and Scope definition  Determine objectives  Why is LCA being conducted? Comparison of the environmental performance of SOREME with commercial products  Define the target audience  Who should use the results? Partners of the project  Define the system and its alternatives  What is its function? Adsorb Hg from a gas stream  What is an appropriate functional unit? WORK IN PROGRESS  Choose system boundaries (production of SOREME from LAB scale to industrial scale)  Define the procedures for data collection and data quality requirements  How will data be collected? Data collection sheet Data gaps will be covered by integration with literature, sector experts judgments and LCA databases.  Define relevant environmental impact categories  Climate change, Abiotic Depletion, Acidification, Eutrophication, Photochemical Oxidation (CML 2001 Method, updated 2013)

6. Definition of the systems to be investigated SOREME PRODUCTION AND USE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS PRODUCTION AND USE ACTIVATION PROCESS hard coal electricity thermal energy hydrochloric acid water Activated carbon PYROLYSIS and ACTIVATION TYRE GRANULATE tar syngas char PELLETIZATION PROCESS ELECTRICITY PROD. DISPOSAL/ RECOVERY PELLETIZATION PROCESS USE PHASE EoL TREATMENT OF EXHAUSTED SORBENT USE PHASE EoL TREATMENT OF EXHAUSTED SORBENT water electricity thermal energy Inert material

7. LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109 LCC analysis The process of identifying and documenting all the costs involved over the life of an asset is known as Life Cycle Costing (LCC). When applied in parallel to LCA we can define it as Environmental LCC and is defined as “assessment of all costs associated with the life cycle of a product that are directly covered by one or more of the actors of the life cycle, including externalities that will be internalised in the near future”. LCC: based on the same model as LCA study; data from market for the commercial sorbent Sub-categorycharacteristicscosts Operating costsInternal costspersonnel External costsmaterials consumables transport utilities commercialisation administrative Capital costsdepreciationstangibles intangibles

8. LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109 Some questions (1) Does it exist on the market a sorbent specific for Hg adsorption? If yes, a correct comparison should be done with it, because to compare products/services by LCA application they must fulfil the same functions. If the commercial product can adsorb other pollutants, have you any data to support the assumption that SOREME substitute for the commercial product for all the functions fulfilled by the latter? Have the commercial products used in Ser-Cim and EPENZ an intrinsec content of Sulphur? Which can be the size of SOREME market? This is related to the choice of the size of industrial plant that we assume for the production of SOREME. Is it reasonable to assume an industrial plant treating 1 t/h of granulate tyre (data available from the TyGRe project)? Coproducts of the pyrolysis process: Syngas (electricity production? Internal use for pyrolysis furnace?) Tar (internal use? Disposal process?) Char: any further treatment to produce the sorbent? Pellets production: Is the SOREME pelletization process the same as the commercial one? Have pellets been used in Ser-Cim semi-industrial tests?

9. LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109 Some questions (2) For the definition of the Functional Unit, the unit of measurement that allows the comparison of SOREME and the commercial sorbent, we need to know the amount of Hg adsorbed per unit of mass of product (SOREME or commercial) when saturation is achieved, and the composition of the product. Are SOREME pellets 20% bentonite+ 80% char? Which is the composition of the commercial pellets used in the EPENZ’s plant? Is the composition of the commercial powder used in Ser-Cim 70% calcium bicarbonate and 30% activated carbon? Given a fixed volume of the filter, are the amounts of the SOREME powder and the commercial products the same? Which the amount of pellets? Do the operations of packing the filter occur under controlled conditions of humidity content? see differences of water content between commercial sorbent data sheets (humidity 1.8-6%) and TGA results for Ser-Cim tests (about 30%, also before the use) Which is the current end of life of the exhausted sorbent? It seems that no reactivation is possible for SOREME. Is it the same for the commercial product?

10. Some questions (3) DATA for LCC: Prices of the commercial sorbents Costs of disposal of the exhausted sorbents Have you any data useful for the estimate of the costs of pyrolysis and activation at industrial scale ? Costs of pelletization? If data above discussed are available, can we agree on analysing by LCA and LCC the following two case studies? 1.Ser-Cim/powder filter 2.EPENZ/pellets LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109

11. Time Table LIFE + 11 ENV/IT/109