1. Gender-related development index Gender empowerment
Development: Gender
Gender-related development index
Gender empowerment

2. Gender Inequalities
According to the UN there is not a single country in the world where its women are treated as well as its men.
Gender inequalities exists in every country of the world
High HDI does not mean gender equality.

3. Comparing Gender Equality among countries
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) compares the level of development of women to men. (within a country)
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.

4. Gender-Related Development Index
Same indicators of developed used in HDI
Income
Literacy
Education
Life Expectancy
However, your rating goes down when there are major differences in the well-being of men and women.

5. GDI cont…
Ex. Iran and Mexico score the same on education but in Iran women less likely to attend school.
Low GDI means women have a level of development less then men of the same country.
Norway highest GDI of 0.941
Lowest GDIs in Sub-Sahara Africa

6. Economic Indicator differences
In the US:
Average income ($) of women- $26,000
Av. $ of men- $43,000
Income gap of MDC is $15,000
LDC- less difference in $$$ but in % earned.

7. Social Indicators of Gender Differences
Education and Literacy
Women are less likely to attend school in LDCs than MDCs
Ratio of women to men in MDCs is 99:100 but only 60:100 in LDCs

8. Demographic Indicators of Gender Differences
Female baby born in MDC expected to live longer than male- 6 years in USA
Female baby born in most LDCs only 2 more years

9. Gender Empowerment
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) measures the ability of women to participate in the process of achieving improvements.
Calculated by combining two indicators of economic power: How much and type of job and Political Power : CEO, Manager, President.

10. GEM
Perfect equality of power between women and men would have a score of 1.0
MDCs in North America, Northern Europe and South Pacific have the highest scores
Lowest scores are in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

11. Economic Indicators of Empowerment
Percentage of women in professional and technical jobs indicates economic power held by women in a state
More than half of professional and technically positions are held by females in MDCs, Less than ¼ in LDCs
Share of national income held by women another indicator of women’s power in a state
Every country in the world, women have a lesser share of national income than men

12. Political Indicators of Empowerment
Managerial jobs represent the ability to influence the process of decision making
Greater representation representation of women in MDCs than LDCs at the managerial level
Percentage of women compared to men elected to office another indicator
13% of US congress female
Typically MDCs government 10% female; LDCs less than 5%