2. Bell Ringer 1) Which nucleus below belongs to the element on the right? (red = proton, yellow = neutron) a)b) c)d)

3. 2) Your friend stands on a scale and proclaims that his mass is 170 pounds. You answer: a) That is not your mass. Your mass is how much space you take up. 170 pounds is your weight b) Your mass is equal to the pressure of gravity pulling on you. That is why your mass is 170 pounds.

4. 3) There are four elements associated with life – they make up 90% of all living things. Which answer lists them? a) Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Magnesium b) Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Silicon c) Nitrogen, Beryllium, Hydrogen, Oxygen d) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

5. 4)The pictures below best represent: a) neutrons b) isotopes c) protons d) atoms

7. Chemical Compounds

8. Still Chemistry... Most elements do not exist solely as that element. Atoms of most elements will readily combine with other atoms to form compounds.

9. Still Chemistry... Chemical compounds are found all around us. Do you recognize these common chemical compounds? - NaCl = - C 12 H 22 O 12 = - CH 2 CH 3 OH = - NaOCl =

10. Still Chemistry... Chemical compounds are found all around us. Do you recognize these common chemical compounds? - NaCl = Table Salt - C 12 H 22 O 12 = - CH 2 CH 3 OH = - NaOCl =

11. Still Chemistry... Chemical compounds are found all around us. Do you recognize these common chemical compounds? - NaCl = Table Salt - C 12 H 22 O 12 = Sucrose (Sugar) - CH 2 CH 3 OH = - NaOCl =

12. Still Chemistry... Chemical compounds are found all around us. Do you recognize these common chemical compounds? - NaCl = Table Salt - C 12 H 22 O 12 = Sucrose (Sugar) - CH 2 CH 3 OH = Mouthwash - NaOCl =

13. Still Chemistry... Chemical compounds are found all around us. Do you recognize these common chemical compounds? - NaCl = Table Salt - C 12 H 22 O 12 = Sucrose (Sugar) - CH 2 CH 3 OH = Mouthwash - NaOCl = Bleach

14. Still Chemistry... The chemical and physical properties of elements change when they become compounds. Sodium (Na) is a solid that reacts explosively with water.

15. Still Chemistry... The chemical and physical properties of elements change when they become compounds. Sodium (Na) reacts explosively with water. Chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous gas

16. Still Chemistry... The chemical and physical properties of elements change when they become compounds. Sodium (Na) reacts explosively with water. Chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous gas But, together, they make table salt (NaCl) + =

17. Still Chemistry... Most atoms are not stable in their natural state, so they react with other atoms (forming compounds) to become more stable.

18. Still Chemistry... Most atoms are not stable in their natural state, so they react with other atoms (forming compounds) to become more stable. Chemical compounds are formed by atoms joining together. These atoms are held together by chemical bonds.

19. Still Chemistry... Most atoms are not stable in their natural state, so they react with other atoms (forming compounds) to become more stable. Chemical compounds are formed by atoms joining together. These atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Bonding is all about the electrons!

20. Chemical Bonds... There are two types of chemical bonds:

21. Chemical Bonds... There are two types of chemical bonds: Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds

22. Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds – a bond that forms between two atoms that share one or more electrons.

23. Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds – a bond that forms between two atoms that share one or more electrons. Water is made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms held together by covalent bonds.

24. Covalent Bonds An atom is stable when it has 8 electrons in its outermost shell The only exception is hydrogen, which is stable with 2 electrons.

25. Covalent Bonds Based upon this Rule of 8, an oxygen atom with six electrons will gladly bind to two hydrogen atoms to obtain a total of eight electrons.

26. Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds – a bond that forms between two charged atoms in which electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.

27. Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds – a bond that forms between two charged atoms in which electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. Sodium (Na) has one electron in its outer shell. Chlorine (Cl) has seven electrons in its outer shell.

28. Ionic Bonds Because both atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, sodium gives away its 1 electron.

29. Ionic Bonds Because both atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell, sodium gives away its 1 electron. Both atoms now have 8 electrons in their outer shells.

30. Ionic Bonds This sharing of electrons, though, causes the atoms to become charged. Because sodium lost an electron, it gains a positive charge. Chlorine, which gained an electron, is now negatively charged. A charged atom is called an ion.

31. Ionic Bonds The positive charge of the sodium and the negative charge of the chlorine attract each other, creating the ionic bond.

32. Ionic Bonds The positive charge of the sodium and the negative charge of the chlorine attract each other, creating the ionic bond. “Opposites attract!” Example: balloon and hair

33. Determining the Number of Electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1234567 1234567 Red numbers = # of electrons Blue numbers = # of orbitals (circles)

35. A “Bonding” Experience Everyone will be assigned an element. Remember (unless you are hydrogen), that you need a total of 8 electrons in your outer shell to be stable. Your job is to find another student (or more) in the room to bond with so that you both are stable. You will have thirty seconds to do so. Any student not “bonded” will be out.

37. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

38. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 1)First, identify which two elements are part of this compound.

39. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 1)First, identify which two elements are part of this compound. Hydrogen – H Chlorine - Cl

40. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 2) Draw Hydrogen

41. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 2) Draw Hydrogen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1234567 1234567

42. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 2) Draw Hydrogen

43. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 3) Draw Chlorine

44. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 3) Draw Chlorine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1234567 1234567

45. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 3) Draw Chlorine

46. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 4) Put them together by sharing an electron

47. Creating Chemical Compounds Make some Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 4) Put them together by sharing an electron

49. Chemistry Practice 1) Make Water (H 2 O)

50. Chemistry Practice 1) Make Water (H 2 O) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1234567 1234567

51. Chemistry Practice 1) Make Water (H 2 O)

53. Exit Slip 1)The two types of chemical bonds are: a) electrons and protons b) ionic and covalent c) ionic and bivalent d) van der Waals and Hydrogen 2)Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) is formed by the sharing of electrons between the two elements. This is an example of: a) an ionic bond b) a covalent bond c) an atom d) a hybrid molecule

54. Exit Slip 3) Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell. With which atom(s) should it bond to become stable? a) a Boron atom – 4 electrons b) a Carbon atom – 5 electrons c) 2 Lithium atoms – 2 electrons apiece d) 3 Hydrogen atoms – 1 electron apiece 4) An ion is a _____. It is involved in_____ a) charged atom ; covalent bonding b) charged atom ; ionic bonding c) a neutral atom ; covalent bonding d) a neutral atom ; ionic bonding

57. Energy

58. Energy – the ability to do work.

59. Energy Energy – the ability to do work. Energy occurs in various forms and can be converted from one form to another. Example: Light Bulb –Electrical energy is converted to radiant energy (light) and thermal energy (heat)

60. Energy Types of energy include: –Solar –Chemical –Mechanical –Thermal –Geothermal –Hydroelectric

61. Energy Types of energy include: –Solar –Chemical –Mechanical –Thermal –Geothermal –Hydroelectric Try to think of an example for each one

62. Energy Types of energy include: –Solar – the sun –Chemical – gasoline –Mechanical – screwdriver –Thermal – fire, match –Geothermal – geyser –Hydroelectric – dam

63. Chemical Energy Living things use chemical processes (during metabolism) to derive energy for their life processes. After you eat, your body begins to break down the food using chemicals in your digestive system, resulting in energy gained.

64. Chemical Energy Two examples of chemical energy: –Film Canister Gun The fumes of ethanol are highly flammable. By trapping them inside the canister and adding a spark, the vapors ignite. The chemical energy in the ethanol is transformed into thermal, kinetic and sound energy. –Coke Fountain Chemicals in the diet Coke (caffeine, potassium benzoate and aspartame) and the Mentos react violently. Chemical energy is transformed into kinetic energy and the Coke becomes a geyser.

67. They concluded that the caffeine, potassium benzoate, aspartame, and CO2 gas contained in the Diet Coke and the gelatin and gum arabic ingredients of the Mentos all contribute to the jet effect.[8] In addition, the MythBusters theorized that the physical structure of the Mentos is the most significant cause of the eruption.caffeine potassium benzoateaspartameDiet Coke gelatingum arabic[8]