1. Earth History

2. LEQ How do strong observations and prior experiences lead to strong inferences?

3. Envelopes Vocabulary Observation: information gathered directly by using one or more of the five senses-seeing, touching, hearing, tasting, smelling Inference: a logical conclusion based on observations, past experience and prior knowledge.

4. Envelopes Procedures 1. With your group, look at the envelope you were given. Write the envelope # in your composition book. 2. Come up with 5 observations. List them in your composition book. 3. Come up with 5 inferences. List them in your composition book (Did you make a heading and number your work?)

5. Envelopes practice on your own Number and copy each statement from the Observation or Inference? Sheet. Write O for observation. Write I for inference after each statement. Now write two of your own observations and inferences.

6. LEQ Can you answer the LEQ now?

7. Elevation of DE

8. Concept Sedimentary Rocks

9. Rock Samples LEQ: How do weathering, erosion, and deposition change the surface of Earth over time? What specific forces cause the weathering, erosion and deposition of rock material?

10. Journal Why do the walls of the Grand Canyon appear to have lines? The walls of the Grand Canyon appear to have lines for the following reasons.

11. Background John Wesley Powell collected samples along the Grand Canyon and described those samples. We will use a similar technique.

12. Background Con’t* Color, fizz, texture, and grain size are some examples of properties you might use to sort rocks into groups.

13. Background con’t* When the acid reacts with calcite, a gas, carbon dioxide is given off. Hence the fizzing.

14. Limestone, sandstone, and shale are three types of rocks commonly found in the Grand Canyon layers.

15. Flat deposits of rock are called layers. They can be thick or thin but always cover a large area.

16. Correlate means to find a relationship or connection between rock layers from two or more locations.

17. The top layer in a rock column is exposed at the surface somewhere

18. A plateau is a large nearly level area that has been uplifted or elevated above the surrounding area.

19. A formation is a rock layer composed of more than one kind of rock, but the kinds and order of rocks can be recognized from one place to another.

20. Differential erosion occurs where a mountain or plateau is made out of both soft, weak rocks and harder, more resistant rocks. The weaker rocks wear away faster, leaving behind knobs and cliffs of more resistant rocks.

24. A model is a representation of an object or system. It is used for something: too small/ large, too remote in time/space, that happens too fast/slow, too dangerous, too costly

25. Sandstone is made from sand from mountain streams, dunes and beaches. Shale is made from silt and clay deposited by slow moving water.

26. The principle of original horizontality describes how layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal (or nearly horizontal) position.

28. shale sandstone limestone

29. Using observations of processes happening today can help geologists infer what happened in the past. This is uniformitarianism.

30. The principle of superposition states that the first layer deposited is on the bottom and layers get younger as you go up in sequence.

31. Guess the word

32. Basin correlation

33. Observation Sandstone Mountain sand Calcite Principle of original horizontality

35. Inference Shale Dune sand Floodplain Principle of super position

36. Forces That Shape the Earth’s Surface LEQ 1. How does weathering shape rock particles? 2. How can we use weathering and erosion to make inferences about the environment in which sedimentary rocks were formed?

37. Forces that Shape the Surface of the Earth. Vocabulary weathering: the wearing down of earth material (clue: weather : wear down) Erosion: the moving of earth material (clue: erode move : I rode down the road) Deposition: the depositing or putting down of earth material (clue: deposit: down)

38. Guess That Word! Quiz 2

39. Round 1 Erosion Running water slopes Root pry Differential Erosion

41. Round 2 Weathering Glaciers Cliffs Heavy sediments Frost wedging

42. Concept 3 Rock Cycle

43. LEQ 1. How does the way a rock forms determine the rock type? (Sedimentary, Igneous, or Metamorphic) 2. How can one rock transform into another type of rock?

44. How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed Read for what you can understand. Don’t worry so much about what you don’t get yet. Review the information that is old stuff (erosion, soils) Read for the answers to the three questions on the back.

45. How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed Copy and answer the three questions on the back page in your composition book.

46. How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed 1. Minerals are the same throughout no matter how broken apart the sample is. Rocks are made from 2 or more minerals.

47. How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed 2. Cycles repeat and the process of creating rocks never ends. There are always rocks being weathered into sediments to become new sedimentary rocks. Volcanoes erupt to form new igneous rocks. Constant heat and pressure below the earth’s surface create metamorphic rocks.

48. How Rocks and Minerals Are Formed 3. Fossils are imprints or parts of once living things preserved in rock. Since igneous rock is either melted rock below or above the earth’s surface, no living things can survive or will burn up with contact. The intense heat and pressure of metamorphic rock will destroy any existing fossils.

49. Rock Cycle Vocabulary Sedimentary: rocks formed from sediments which are smaller pieces of rocks, shells, or even plants Igneous: rocks formed from melted rock, or magma, that has cooled and hardened

50. Rock Cycle Vocab con’t Magma: melted or molten rock below the surface of the earth Lava: melted rock above the earth’s surface

51. Rock Cycle Vocab con’t Intrusive: igneous rock formed and cooled below the surface of the earth. The long cooling time made the crystals large. Extrusive: igneous rock formed and cooled above the surface of the earth. The fast cooling time made the crystals small.

52. Rock Cycle Metamorphic: rocks that have been changed from one type to another through heat and pressure.

53. Rock Cycle With your group, use the rock cycle pieces to create a diagram that shows how one rock changes into another rock.

54. Rock Cycle Let us see it in action

55. Guess that Word

56. Extrusive Metamorphic Pumice Limestone shale

58. Guess that Word Igneous Obsidian Slate Intrusive Sandstone

59. Continental Drift

60. LEQ 1. What evidence supports the continents are in constant motion? 2. How is the energy for moving the large land masses that make up Earth created?

61. Continental Drift Vocabulary Continental drift: describes the drifting and sliding motion of the large pieces of Earth Pangaea: name of a former supercontinent

62. Continental Drift Vocabulary continued Plate tectonics: the science of how the large pieces of the crust of Earth move

63. Continental Drift Earth Layers Rap

64. Moving the pieces

65. VideoVideo on continental drift Video Watch the video and answers the questions on the worksheet.

66. Continental Drift There are four types of plate boundaries: Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other. Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another.

67. Continental Drift Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other. Just in case you really really want to know. Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear.

68. Plate boundary illustration boundary

69. Fossils and Geologic Time

70. LEQ 1. What can fossils teach us about the events in the earth’s past? Based on current evidence, what is the sequence of major events in Earth’s past?

71. Fossils and Geologic Time Read the article Time and Change/Mud Fossils Try the One Pager.

72. Fossils and Geologic Time Vocabulary: Fossils: naturally preserved remains or traces of ancient life that lived in the geologic past. (see more)traces (see more Index fossils: a particular fossil from something that lived only a short time but in many areas used to compare time

73. Geologic Time: the time scale used to describe and compare the history of the Earth (see more) (see more)

74. Fossils and Geologic Time Index fossil activity: use the index fossils to correlate the canyons

75. Fossils and Geologic Time Dinosaurs appear Dinosaurs become extinct Jellyfish appear Protozoa appear(single celled animals) Bees appear Flowering plants appear Trilobites appear Fish with backbones appear

76. Fossils and Geologic Time Ideas about geologic time: You have to be living before you can be extinct Single cell comes before multi- celled Food appears before the eater of the food Simple comes before complex

77. Fossils and Geologic Time Background Timelines are evenly spaced out. Sequence is important Geologic timelines start NOW and go back in time.

78. Fossils and Geologic Time Geologic Time viewing

79. Review Sand video clipvideo

80. Interactive Rock cycleRock Dynamic Earth Earth