1. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement

2. Course Content I.Introduction to the Course II.Biomechanical Concepts Related to Human Movement III.Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement IV.Applications in Human Movement V.Functional Anatomy of Selected Joint Complexes

3. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human Movement A.The Skeletal System B.The Muscular System

4. The Skeletal System

5. Levels of Structural Organization

6. Chemicals & Cells Chemical Cell nucleus organelles cytosol cell membrane

7. Tissues & Organs Tissue epithelial muscle nerve connective Organ

8. Organ Systems integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive

9. Function of Musculoskeletal System General function is to cause or control movement, more specifically: Support maintain upright posture Allow movement body transport manipulate objects Protect

10. Overview of Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal system operates like a machine Skeletal system provides structure Muscular system provides force

11. The Skeletal System 1.General Structure & Function 2.Tissue Level Structure & Function 3.Organ Level Structure & Function 4.System Level Structure & Function 5.Injury to the Skeletal System

12. The Skeletal System 1.General Structure & Function 2.Tissue Level Structure & Function 3.Organ Level Structure & Function 4.System Level Structure & Function 5.Injury to the Skeletal System

13. General Structure ~206 bones >200 joints 12-15% BW Connective tissue Structure varies Bones & Joints

14. Axial Skeleton ~80 bones head (29) thorax (51) Bones singular, paired, & multiple

15. Appendicular Skeleton ~126 bones upper (32) lower (31) girdles Bones multiple & paired

16. General Function 1. Shape & supporting framework for other systems 2. Protection 3. Storage & production of minerals & RBCs 4. System of machines for transmission of forces

17. The Skeletal System 1.General Structure & Function 2.Tissue Level Structure & Function 3.Organ Level Structure & Function 4.System Level Structure & Function 5.Injury to the Skeletal System What is the primary type of tissue found in the skeletal system?

18. Tissue Level of Skeletal System Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

19. Properties of Connective Tissue Strength Load w/o damage Stiffness Resistance to deformation Extensibility Ability to stretch & deform Elasticity Ability to regain original shape after deformation

20. Tissue Properties - strength Load (N) Deformation (cm) 1 5 10 15 20 25 A B C

21. Tissue Properties - stiffness Load (N) Deformation (cm) 1 5 10 15 20 25 A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

22. Tissue Properties - extensibility Load (N) Deformation (cm) 1 5 10 15 20 25 A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

23. Tissue Level of Skeletal System Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

24. General Function of Connective Tissue 1. Mechanical support Bind cells together in tissues, organs, systems Support and hold organs in place Provide stability and shock absorption for joints Provide flexible links between bones Provide smooth articulating surfaces between bones Transmit muscle force 2. Intercellular exchange

25. General Structure of Connective Tissue Cellular Component Resident Cells fibroblasts, osteocytes, chondroblasts, etc. Circulating Cells lymphocytes, macrophages, etc. Extracellular Matrix Protein Fibers collagen, elastin Ground Substance (Fluid) synthesis & maintenance defense & clean up determines the functional characteristics of the connective tissue Distinguishes CT from other tissues …blast – produce matrix …clast – resorb matrix …cyte – mature cell

26. Elastin random arrangement extensible –  ultimate ~ 200% low tensile strength yellow fibers EX: rubber band

27. Collagen parallel (regular) arrangement  ultimate ~ 10% high tensile strength white fibers EX: shoelace

28. Tissue Level of Skeletal System Properties of connective tissue Structure & function of connective tissue Types of connective tissue

29. Types of Connective Tissue Ordinary Irregular Ordinary Loose Adipose Irregular Collagenous Irregular Elastic Regular Ordinary Regular Collagenous Regular Elastic Special CartilageBone Number & type of cells Proportion of collagen, elastin, & ground substance Arrangement of protein fibers Bind cells Mechanical links Resist tensile loads

30. Connective tissue Connective tissue is found everywhere in the body. It is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissues of the body. There are four main classes of connective tissue and several subclasses. distinguished by its extracellular matrix. Connective tissue cells - the extracellular matrix results from the activity of specialized connective tissue cells; in general, blast cells form the matrix, cyte cells maintain it, and clast cells break it down.

31. Major Classes of Connective Tissue Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood

32. The Matrix All other tissues are composed mainly of cells Connective tissue is largely nonliving extracellular matrix

33. Protein fibers of the matrix: Collagen fibers structurally resemble ropes. They are strong and flexible but resist stretching.

34. Matrix Reticular fibers are fine collagen fibers that form a branching network that supports other cells and tissues.

35. Matrix Elastin fibers have a structure similar to a spring. They can be stretched and then will return to their original shape when compressed.

36. Other matrix molecules: Hyaluronic acid makes fluids slippery. Proteoglycan aggregates trap water, giving tissues resiliency.

37. Matrix with fibers as the primary feature: Loose (aerolar) connective tissue has many different cell types and a random arrangement of protein fibers with space between the fibers. This tissue fills spaces around the organs and attaches the skin to underlying tissues.

38. Matrix with fibers as the primary feature: This tissue fills spaces around the organs and attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Areolar Adipose Reticular

39. Matrix with fibers as the primary feature: This tissue fills spaces around the organs and attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Areolar Adipose Reticular

40. Matrix with fibers as the primary feature: This tissue fills spaces around the organs and attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Areolar Adipose Reticular

41. Matrix Dense regular connective tissue is composed of fibers arranged in one direction, providing strength in a direction parallel to the fiber orientation. Found in tendons and ligaments

42. Matrix Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers organized in many directions, producing strength in different directions. Found in the dermis of skin and joint capsules

43. Matrix with both protein fibers and ground substance: Cartilage has a relatively rigid matrix composed of protein fibers and protoglycean aggregates. Hyline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

44. Matrix Hyaline cartilage has evenly dispersed collagen fibers that provide rigidity with some flexibility. Examples include the costal cartilage, the covering over the ends of bones in joints, the growing portion of long bones, and the embryonic skeleton.

45. Matrix Fibrocartilage has collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles, can withstand great pressure, and is found between vertebrae, in the jaw, and in the knee.

46. Matrix Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but has elastin fibers. It is more flexible than hyaline cartilage. It is found in the external ear.

47. Matrix Bone cells, or osteocytes, are located in lacunae that are surrounded by a mineralized matrix that makes bones very hard. Cancellous bone has spaces between bony trabeculae, and compact bone is more solid.

48. Predominantly Fluid matrix - blood cells are suspended in a fluid matrix.

49. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue Structure: Elastin & collagen in large GS Moderate strength & elasticity Function: Binds cells into tissues and tissues into organs Provides supporting framework for nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels 1) Loose

50. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue Structure: Random network of collagen & elastin with little GS Moderate elasticity & strength Function: Padding around organs and joints Continuous layer beneath skin for insulation 2) Adipose

51. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue 3) Irregular Collagenous Structure: Few elastin fibers & little GS Resists stretch in any direction Function: Forms epimysium, epineurium, perichondrium, periosteum, & capsule around kidneys, liver, & spleen

52. Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue 4) Irregular Elastic Structure: Few collagen fibers & moderate GS Stretches in many directions Moderate strength Function: Forms walls of arteries, larger arterioles, trachea, bronchial tubes

53. Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue 1) Regular elastic Elastin fiber bundles arranged parallel Moderate strength and extensibility in single direction Elastic ligaments of the spine: Ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae

54. Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue 2) Regular Collagenous Collagen fiber bundles arranged parallel Strong & inextensible Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments, joint capsules, retinacula

55. Other Terminology Fibrous tissue Elastic tissue

56. Special Types of Connective Tissue Cartilage Bone

57. Cartilage Tissue General Structure Highly specialized GS (proteoglycans + H20 = gel) General Mechanical Properties Anisotropic Strong; resists all load conditions Moderate stiffness Good extensibility & elasticity Types of Cartilage Tissue Hyaline (articular)  joints, costal cartilage, trachea, bronchial tubes, larynx, external nose Fibrocartilage  articular discs, labrum, lining of grooves Elastic  larynx, ear lobe, eustachian tube

58. Bone Tissue General Structure Collagen in hard, solid GS (bone salt) General Mechanical Properties Anisotropic Strongest & stiffest Little elasticity & extensibility Types of Bone Tissue Compact (cortical) bone  more dense Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone

60. Summary The skeletal system forms one part of the musculoskeletal machine which makes movement of the human body possible. To best understand human movement, the skeletal system should be studied at the cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism level. We have examined the tissue level of the skeletal system and better understand how the tissue level contributes to the overall function of the organism with regard to human movement.

61. Summary Connective tissue is the primary tissue of the skeletal system. It is the strongest and most elastic tissue in the body, which makes it most suitable for the functions performed by the skeletal system. There are 8 types of connective tissue in the human body. The unique function of the various types of connective tissue is determined by the structure of the tissue.

62. The Skeletal System 1.General Structure & Function 2.Tissue Level Structure & Function 3.Organ Level Structure & Function 4.System Level Structure & Function 5.Injury to the Skeletal System

63. Organ Level Types of Bones Structure of Long Bone Growth & Development of Bone

64. Types of Bones Short bones Long bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones

65. Sesamoid Bones

66. Organ Level Types of Bones Structure of Long Bone Growth & Development of Bone

69. Organ Level Types of Bones Structure of Long Bone Growth & Development of Bone

70. Bone growth Bone development Typical adult bone development Modeling & Remodeling Bone Hypertrophy Bone Atrophy

71. Bone Growth Longitudinal Growth Epiphyses or epiphyseal plates Stops at ~18 yrs Circumferential Growth Diameter increases throughout lifespan Most rapid growth before adulthood

72. Bone Development Typical adult bone development Balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity Aging  BD in 20’s Women Peak BMC: 25-28 yrs.  0.5%-1.0% per yr after 50yr or menopause  6.5% per yr post-menopause 1 st 5-8 yr

73. Bone Response to Stress Wolf’s Law Indicates that bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease. Bone Modeling If strain > threshold,  bone mass & density Bone Remodeling If strain < threshold,  bone mass & density near marrow

74. Bone Hypertrophy & Atrophy Bone mass changes due to osteoblast & osteoclast activity Factors Weight (excessive thinness, weight loss) Physical activity (localized strain effects) LBM Muscle strength Physical inactivity Tobacco smoking Estrogen, calcium, & vitamin D deficiencies Excess protein & caffeine consumption Atrophy observed in bed-ridden patients, sedentary elderly, and astronauts

75. Osteoporosis A disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures. Osteopenia 1/2 fx in women; 1/3 fx in men.

76. Osteoporosis Type I Osteoporosis = Post-menopausal Osteoporosis 40% of women > 50 Type II Osteoporosis = Age-Associated Osteoporosis Affects most women and men over 70

77. Female Athlete Triad Eating disorders 1-10% of adolescent and college-age women 62% female athletes Amenorrhea Osteoporosis

78. Summary Bones are the organs that provide the structural framework of the body. Their function and risk for injury depends on their structure and on the modeling and remodeling processes that occur continuously throughout life. Regular physical activity is one of the most important influences on bone health and normal function.