1. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Frederic H. Martini Unit 4 Fluids and Transport Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Professor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL

2. Chapter 19: Blood

3. What are the components of the cardiovascular system, and their major functions?

4. The Cardiovascular System A circulating transport system: A circulating transport system: –a pump (the heart) –a conducting system (blood vessels) –a fluid medium (blood)

5. Functions of the Cardiovascular System To transport materials to and from cells: To transport materials to and from cells: –oxygen and carbon dioxide –nutrients –hormones –immune system components –waste products

6. What are the important components and major functions of blood?

7. Blood Is specialized fluid of connective tissue Is specialized fluid of connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

8. 5 Functions of Blood 1. Transport of dissolved substances 2. Regulation of pH and ions

9. 5 Functions of Blood 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4. Defense against toxins and pathogens 5. Stabilization of body temperature

10. Figure 19–1a Whole Blood

11. Plasma: Plasma: –fluid Formed elements: Formed elements: –all cells and solids

12. Plasma Water Water Dissolved plasma proteins Dissolved plasma proteins Other solutes Other solutes

13. Plasma Is similar to, and exchanges fluids with, interstitial fluid Is similar to, and exchanges fluids with, interstitial fluid Is matrix of formed elements Is matrix of formed elements

14. 3 Types of Formed Elements 1. Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes: –transport oxygen 2. White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes: –part of the immune system 3. Platelets: –cell fragments involved in clotting

15. Hemopoiesis Process of producing formed elements Process of producing formed elements By myeloid and lymphoid stem cells By myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

16. Fractionation Process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis: Process of separating whole blood for clinical analysis: –into plasma and formed elements

17. 3 General Characteristics of Blood 38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature 38°C (100.4°F) is normal temperature High viscosity High viscosity Slightly alkaline pH (7.35–7.45) Slightly alkaline pH (7.35–7.45)

18. Blood Volume Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms): Blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms): –adult male: 5 to 6 liters –adult female: 4 to 5 liters

19. What is the composition and function of plasma?

20. Figure 19–1b Plasma

21. Plasma Makes up 50–60% of blood volume Makes up 50–60% of blood volume More than 90% of plasma is water More than 90% of plasma is water

22. Extracellular Fluids Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma Interstitial fluid (IF) and plasma Materials plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls: Materials plasma and IF exchange across capillary walls: –water –ions –small solutes

23. Differences between Plasma and IF 1. Levels of O 2 and CO 2 2. Dissolved proteins: –plasma proteins do not pass through capillary walls

24. 3 Classes of Plasma Proteins Albumins (60%) Albumins (60%) Globulins (35%) Globulins (35%) Fibrinogen (4%) Fibrinogen (4%)

25. Albumins Transport substances: Transport substances: –fatty acids –thyroid hormones –steroid hormones

26. Globulins 1. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins 2. Transport globulins (small molecules): –hormone-binding proteins –metalloproteins –apolipoproteins (lipoproteins) –steroid-binding proteins

27. Fibrinogen Molecules form clots Molecules form clots Produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin Produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin

28. Serum Liquid part of a blood sample: Liquid part of a blood sample: –in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin

29. Other Plasma Proteins 1% of plasma: 1% of plasma: –changing quantities of specialized plasma proteins –enzymes, hormones, and prohormones

30. Origins of Plasma Proteins 90% made in liver 90% made in liver Antibodies made by plasma cells Antibodies made by plasma cells Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs Peptide hormones made by endocrine organs

31. KEY CONCEPT (1 of 3) Total blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms) Total blood volume (liters) = 7% of body weight (kilograms)

32. KEY CONCEPT (2 of 3) About 1/2 the volume of whole blood is cells and cell products About 1/2 the volume of whole blood is cells and cell products

33. KEY CONCEPT (3 of 3) Plasma resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids Plasma resembles interstitial fluid, but contains a unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids

34. What are the characteristics and functions of red blood cells?

35. Red Blood Cells Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 99.9% of blood’s formed elements

36. Measuring RBCs Red blood cell count: Red blood cell count: –reports the number of RBCs in 1 microliter whole blood Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV): Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV): –percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood

37. Normal Blood Counts RBC: RBC: –male: 4.5–6.3 million –female: 4.–5.5 million Hematocrit: Hematocrit: –male: 4–52 –female: 3–47

38. RBC Structure Small and highly specialized disc Small and highly specialized disc Thin in middle and thicker at edge Thin in middle and thicker at edge Figure 19–2d

39. Importance of RBC Shape and Size 1. High surface-to-volume ratio: –quickly absorbs and releases oxygen 2. Discs form stacks: –smoothes flow through narrow blood vessels 3. Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries: –7.8 µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary

40. Lifespan of RBCs Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes Lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes Live about 120 days Live about 120 days

41. What is the structure and function of hemoglobin?

42. Hemoglobin (Hb) Protein molecule, transports respiratory gases Protein molecule, transports respiratory gases Normal hemoglobin (adult male): Normal hemoglobin (adult male): –14–18 g/dl whole blood

43. Hemoglobin Structure Complex quaternary structure Complex quaternary structure Figure 19–3

44. Hemoglobin Structure 4 globular protein subunits: 4 globular protein subunits: –each with 1 molecule of heme –each heme contains 1 iron ion Iron ions easily: Iron ions easily: –associate with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) –or dissociate from oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin)

45. Fetal Hemoglobin Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos Takes oxygen from mother’s hemoglobin Takes oxygen from mother’s hemoglobin

46. Carbaminohemoglobin With low oxygen (peripheral capillaries): With low oxygen (peripheral capillaries): –hemoglobin releases oxygen –binds carbon dioxide and carries it to lungs

47. Anemia Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal Hematocrit or hemoglobin levels are below normal Is caused by several conditions Is caused by several conditions

48. How are the components of old or damaged red blood cells recycled?

49. Figure 19–4 Recycling RBCs

50. 1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day: 1% of circulating RBCs wear out per day: –about 3 million RBCs per second Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow: Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow: –monitor RBCs –engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze)

51. Diagnosing Disorders Hemoglobinuria: Hemoglobinuria: –hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in blood stream Hematuria: Hematuria: –whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage

52. Hemoglobin Recycling Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components: Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components: –globular proteins to amino acids –heme to biliverdin –iron

53. Iron Recycling To transport proteins (transferrin) To transport proteins (transferrin) To storage proteins (feritin and hemosiderin) To storage proteins (feritin and hemosiderin)

54. Breakdown of Biliverdin Biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow) Biliverdin (green) is converted to bilirubin (yellow) Bilirubin is: Bilirubin is: –excreted by liver (bile) –jaundice is caused by bilirubin buildup –converted by intestinal bacteria to urobilins and stercobilins which account for the yellow brown to brown color of stool.

55. What is erythropoiesis? What are the stages of red blood cell maturation, and how is red blood cell production regulated?

56. Figure 19–5 RBC Maturation

57. Erythropoiesis Red blood cell formation Red blood cell formation Occurs only in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) Occurs only in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) Stem cells mature to become RBCs Stem cells mature to become RBCs

58. Hemocytoblasts Stem cells in bone marrow divide to produce: Stem cells in bone marrow divide to produce: –myeloid stem cells:  become RBCs, some WBCs –lymphoid stem cells:  become lymphocytes

59. Stages of RBC Maturation Myeloid stem cell Myeloid stem cell Proerythroblast Proerythroblast Erythroblasts Erythroblasts Reticulocyte Reticulocyte Mature RBC Mature RBC

60. Components Building red blood cells requires: Building red blood cells requires: –amino acids –iron –vitamins B 12, B 6, and folic acid

61. Pernicious Anemia Low RBC production Low RBC production Due to unavailability of vitamin B 12 (remember the intrinsic factor produced by the parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach, which is needed to absorb vitamin B 12) Due to unavailability of vitamin B 12 (remember the intrinsic factor produced by the parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach, which is needed to absorb vitamin B 12)

62. Stimulating Hormones Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoietin (EPO) Also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone: Also called erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone: –secreted when oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia) –due to disease or high altitude

63. RBC Tests Table 19–1

64. KEY CONCEPT (1 of 3) Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cells in the body Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cells in the body

65. KEY CONCEPT (2 of 3) RBCs circulate for approximately 4 months before recycling RBCs circulate for approximately 4 months before recycling Several million are produced each second Several million are produced each second

66. KEY CONCEPT (3 of 3) Hemoglobin in RBCs transports: Hemoglobin in RBCs transports: –oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissues –carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

67. What is blood typing, and why is it important? What is the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities?

68. Surface Antigens Are cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system Are cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system Normal cells are ignored and foreign cells attacked Normal cells are ignored and foreign cells attacked

69. Blood Types Are genetically determined Are genetically determined By presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh By presence or absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh

70. Figure 19–6a 4 Basic Blood Types

71. A (surface antigen A) A (surface antigen A) B (surface antigen B) B (surface antigen B) AB (antigens A and B) AB (antigens A and B) O (neither A nor B) O (neither A nor B)

72. Agglutinogens Antigens on surface of RBCs Antigens on surface of RBCs Screened by immune system Screened by immune system Plasma antibodies attack (agglutinate) foreign antigens Plasma antibodies attack (agglutinate) foreign antigens

73. Blood Plasma Antibodies Type A: Type A: –type B antibodies Type B: Type B: –type A antibodies Type O: Type O: –both A and B antibodies Type AB: Type AB: –neither A nor B

74. The Rh Factor Also called D antigen Also called D antigen Either Rh positive (Rh + ) or Rh negative (Rh — ) Either Rh positive (Rh + ) or Rh negative (Rh — ) Only sensitized Rh — blood has anti-Rh antibodies Only sensitized Rh — blood has anti-Rh antibodies

75. Figure 19–6b Cross-Reaction

76. Cross-Reaction Also called transfusion reaction Also called transfusion reaction Plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen Plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen Blood will agglutinate and hemolyze Blood will agglutinate and hemolyze If donor and recipient blood types not compatible If donor and recipient blood types not compatible

77. Blood Type Test Determines blood type and compatibility Determines blood type and compatibility Figure 19–7

78. Cross-Match Test Performed on donor and recipient blood for compatibility Performed on donor and recipient blood for compatibility Without cross-match, type O — is universal donor Without cross-match, type O — is universal donor

79. Based on structures and functions, what are the types of white blood cells, and what factors regulate the production of each type?

80. White Blood Cells (WBCs) Also called leukocytes Also called leukocytes Do not have hemoglobin Do not have hemoglobin Have nuclei and other organelles Have nuclei and other organelles

81. WBC Functions Defend against pathogens Defend against pathogens Remove toxins and wastes Remove toxins and wastes Attack abnormal cells Attack abnormal cells

82. WBC Movement Most WBCs in: Most WBCs in: –connective tissue proper –lymphatic system organs Small numbers in blood: Small numbers in blood: –6000 to 9000 per microliter

83. Circulating WBCs 1. Migrate out of bloodstream 2. Have amoeboid movement 3. Attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis) 4. Some are phagocytic: –neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

84. Figure 19–9 Types of WBCs

85. 5 Types of WBCs 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Monocytes 5. Lymphocytes

86. Neutrophils Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes 50–70% of circulating WBCs 50–70% of circulating WBCs Pale cytoplasm granules with: Pale cytoplasm granules with: –lysosomal enzymes –bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide)

87. Neutrophil Action Very active, first to attack bacteria Very active, first to attack bacteria Engulf pathogens Engulf pathogens Digest pathogens Digest pathogens Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes Release prostaglandins and leukotrienes Form pus Form pus

88. Degranulation Removing granules from cytoplasm Removing granules from cytoplasm Defensins: Defensins: –peptides from lysosomes –attack pathogen membranes

89. Eosinophils Also called acidophils Also called acidophils 2–4% of circulating WBCs 2–4% of circulating WBCs Attack large parasites Attack large parasites Excrete toxic compounds: Excrete toxic compounds: –nitric oxide –cytotoxic enzymes

90. Eosinophil Actions Are sensitive to allergens Are sensitive to allergens Control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells Control inflammation with enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells

91. Basophils Are less than 1% of circulating WBCs Are less than 1% of circulating WBCs Are small Are small Accumulate in damaged tissue Accumulate in damaged tissue

92. Basophil Actions Release histamine: Release histamine: –dilates blood vessels Release heparin: Release heparin: –prevents blood clotting

93. Monocytes 2–8% of circulating WBCs 2–8% of circulating WBCs Are large and spherical Are large and spherical Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages Enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages

94. Macrophage Actions Engulf large particles and pathogens Engulf large particles and pathogens Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts to injured area

95. Lymphocytes 20–30% of circulating WBCs 20–30% of circulating WBCs Are larger than RBCs Are larger than RBCs Migrate in and out of blood Migrate in and out of blood Mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs Mostly in connective tissues and lymphatic organs

96. Lymphocyte Actions Are part of the body’s specific defense system Are part of the body’s specific defense system

97. 3 Classes of Lymphocytes 1. T cells 2. B cells 3. Natural killer (NK) cells

98. T cells Cell-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity Attack foreign cells directly Attack foreign cells directly

99. B cells Humoral immunity Humoral immunity Differentiate into plasma cells (activated B cells that secrete antibodies). Differentiate into plasma cells (activated B cells that secrete antibodies). Synthesize antibodies Synthesize antibodies

100. Natural Killer Cells (NK) Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers) Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)

101. The Differential Count of Circulating WBCs Detects changes in WBC populations Detects changes in WBC populations Infections, inflammation, and allergic reactions Infections, inflammation, and allergic reactions

102. WBC Disorders Leukopenia: Leukopenia: –abnormally low WBC count Leukocytosis: Leukocytosis: –abnormally high WBC count Leukemia: Leukemia: –extremely high WBC count

103. KEY CONCEPT RBCs outnumber WBCs 1000:1 RBCs outnumber WBCs 1000:1 WBCs defend against infection, foreign cells, or toxins WBCs defend against infection, foreign cells, or toxins WBCs clean up and repair damaged tissues WBCs clean up and repair damaged tissues

104. KEY CONCEPT The most numerous WBCs: The most numerous WBCs: –neutrophils  engulf bacteria –lymphocytes  are responsible for specific defenses of immune response

105. Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements PLAY Figure 19–10 WBC Production

106. All blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts: All blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts: –which produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

107. Myeloid Stem Cells Differentiate into progenitor cells: Differentiate into progenitor cells: –which produce all WBCs except lymphocytes

108. Lymphocytes Are produced by lymphoid stem cells Are produced by lymphoid stem cells Lymphopoiesis: Lymphopoiesis: –the production of lymphocytes

109. WBC Development WBCs, except monocytes: WBCs, except monocytes: –develop fully in bone marrow Monocytes: Monocytes: –develop into macrophages in peripheral tissues

110. Other Lymphopoiesis Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) Also produce lymphocytes Also produce lymphocytes

111. 4 Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Hormones that regulate blood cell populations: Hormones that regulate blood cell populations: 1.M-CSF:  stimulates monocyte production 2.G-CSF:  stimulates granulocyte production  neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

112. 4 Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) 3.GM-CSF:  stimulates granulocyte and monocyte production 4.Multi-CSF:  accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs

113. Summary: Formed Elements of Blood Table 19–3

115. What is the structure and function of platelets, and how are they produced?

116. Platelets Cell fragments involved in human clotting system Cell fragments involved in human clotting system Nonmammalian vertebrates have thrombocytes (nucleated cells) Nonmammalian vertebrates have thrombocytes (nucleated cells)

117. Platelet Circulation Circulates for 9–12 days Circulates for 9–12 days Are removed by spleen Are removed by spleen 2/3 are reserved for emergencies 2/3 are reserved for emergencies

118. Platelet Counts 150,000 to 500,000 per microliter 150,000 to 500,000 per microliter Thrombocytopenia: Thrombocytopenia: –abnormally low platelet count Thrombocytosis: Thrombocytosis: –abnormally high platelet count

119. 3 Functions of Platelets 1. Release important clotting chemicals 2. Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls 3. Actively contract tissue after clot formation

120. Platelet Production Also called thrombocytopoiesis: Also called thrombocytopoiesis: –occurs in bone marrow

121. Megakaryocytes Giant cells Giant cells Manufacture platelets from cytoplasm Manufacture platelets from cytoplasm

122. Hormonal Controls Thrombopoietin (TPO) Thrombopoietin (TPO) Inteleukin-6 (IL-6) Inteleukin-6 (IL-6) Multi-CSF Multi-CSF

123. What mechanisms control blood loss after injury, and what is the reaction sequence in blood clotting?

124. Hemostasis The cessation of bleeding: The cessation of bleeding: –vascular phase –platelet phase –coagulation phase

125. Figure 19–11a The Vascular Phase A cut triggers vascular spasm A cut triggers vascular spasm 30-minute contraction 30-minute contraction

126. 3 Steps of the Vascular Phase 1. Endothelial cells contract: –expose basal lamina to bloodstream

127. 3 Steps of the Vascular Phase 2. Endothelial cells release: –chemical factors:  ADP, tissue factor, and prostacyclin –local hormones:  endothelins –stimulate smooth muscle contraction and cell division

128. 3 Steps of the Vascular Phase 3. Endothelial cell membranes become “sticky”: –seal off blood flow

129. The Platelet Phase Begins within 15 seconds after injury Begins within 15 seconds after injury Figure 19–11b

130. The Platelet Phase (1 of 2) Platelet adhesion (attachment): Platelet adhesion (attachment): –to sticky endothelial surfaces –to basal laminae –to exposed collagen fibers

131. The Platelet Phase (2 of 2) Platelet aggregation (stick together): Platelet aggregation (stick together): –forms platelet plug –closes small breaks

132. Activated Platelets Release Clotting Compounds Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Thromboxane A 2 and serotonin Thromboxane A 2 and serotonin Clotting factors Clotting factors Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Calcium ions Calcium ions

133. Platelet Plug: Size Restriction (1 of 2) Prostacyclin: Prostacyclin: –released by endothelial cells –inhibits platelet aggregation Inhibitory compounds: Inhibitory compounds: –released by other white blood cells

134. The Coagulation Phase Begins 30 seconds or more after the injury Begins 30 seconds or more after the injury Figure 19–12a

135. The Coagulation Phase Blood clotting (coagulation): Blood clotting (coagulation): –Involves a series of steps –converts circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

136. Blood Clot Fibrin network Fibrin network Covers platelet plug Covers platelet plug Traps blood cells Traps blood cells Seals off area Seals off area

137. Clotting Factors Also called procoagulants Also called procoagulants Proteins or ions in plasma Proteins or ions in plasma Required for normal clotting Required for normal clotting

138. Plasma Clotting Factors Table 19–4

139. Cascade Reactions During coagulation phase During coagulation phase Chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes Chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes Form 3 pathways Form 3 pathways

140. 3 Coagulation Pathways Extrinsic pathway: Extrinsic pathway: –begins in the vessel wall –outside blood stream Intrinsic pathway: Intrinsic pathway: –begins with circulating proenzymes –within bloodstream

141. 3 Coagulation Pathways Common pathway: Common pathway: –where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge

142. The Extrinsic Pathway Damaged cells release tissue factor (TF) Damaged cells release tissue factor (TF) TF + other compounds = enzyme complex TF + other compounds = enzyme complex Activates Factor X Activates Factor X

143. The Intrinsic Pathway Activation of enzymes by collagen Activation of enzymes by collagen Platelets release factors (e.g., PF–3) Platelets release factors (e.g., PF–3) Series of reactions activate Factor X Series of reactions activate Factor X

144. The Common Pathway Enzymes activate Factor X Enzymes activate Factor X Forms enzyme prothrombinase Forms enzyme prothrombinase Converts prothrombin to thrombin Converts prothrombin to thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

145. Functions of Thrombin Stimulates formation of tissue factor Stimulates formation of tissue factor –stimulates release of PF-3 (platelet factor) –forms positive feedback loop (intrinsic and extrinsic):  accelerates clotting

146. Bleeding Time Normally, a small puncture wound stops bleeding in 1–4 minutes Normally, a small puncture wound stops bleeding in 1–4 minutes

147. Clotting: Area Restriction 1. Anticoagulants (plasma proteins): –antithrombin-III –alpha-2-macroglobulin 2. Heparin 3. Protein C –stimulates plasmin formation an enzyme that breaks down fibrin strands (Protein C is activated by thrombomodulin) 4. Prostacyclin also inhibits platelet aggregation.

148. Other Factors Calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process Calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) and vitamin K are both essential to the clotting process

149. Clot Retraction After clot has formed: After clot has formed: –Platelets contract and pull torn area together Takes 30–60 minutes Takes 30–60 minutes

150. Fibrinolysis Slow process of dissolving clot: Slow process of dissolving clot: –thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t- PA):  activate plasminogen Plasminogen produces plasmin: Plasminogen produces plasmin: –digests fibrin strands

151. KEY CONCEPT (1 of 3) Platelets are involved in coordination of hemostasis (blood clotting) Platelets are involved in coordination of hemostasis (blood clotting)

152. KEY CONCEPT (2 of 3) Platelets, activated by abnormal changes in local environment, release clotting factors and other chemicals Platelets, activated by abnormal changes in local environment, release clotting factors and other chemicals

153. KEY CONCEPT (3 of 3) Hemostasis is a complex cascade that builds a fibrous patch that can be remodeled and removed as the damaged area is repaired Hemostasis is a complex cascade that builds a fibrous patch that can be remodeled and removed as the damaged area is repaired

154. SUMMARY (1 of 8) Functions of cardiovascular system Functions of cardiovascular system 5 functions of blood 5 functions of blood Structure of whole blood: Structure of whole blood: –plasma and formed elements

155. SUMMARY (2 of 8) Process of blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) Process of blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) 3 classes of plasma proteins: 3 classes of plasma proteins: –albumins –globulins –fibrinogen

156. SUMMARY (3 of 8) RBC structure and function RBC structure and function Hemoglobin structure and function Hemoglobin structure and function

157. SUMMARY (4 of 8) RBC production and recycling RBC production and recycling Blood types: Blood types: –ABO and Rh

158. SUMMARY (5 of 8) WBC structure and function WBC structure and function 5 types of WBCs: 5 types of WBCs: –neutrophils –eosinophils –basophils –monocytes –lymphocytes

159. SUMMARY (6 of 8) Differential WBC counts and disease Differential WBC counts and disease WBC production WBC production

160. SUMMARY (7 of 8) Platelet structure and function Platelet structure and function Platelet production Platelet production

161. SUMMARY (8 of 8) 3 phases of hemostasis: 3 phases of hemostasis: –vascular –platelet –coagulation Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis