1. Section A: Applied Anatomy and Physiology
2. Joint type

2. Syllabus
Definitions and examples of fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
The typical structure and features of a synovial joint
The type of join and the bones which articulate at the following joints:
Shoulder, elbow, radio-ulnar, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, spine

3. Joint Classification
Structural classification is based on anatomical characteristics.
Fibrous: no synovial cavity and bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue.
Cartilaginous: no synovial cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage.
Synovial: bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity. Held together by the articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments.

4. Fibrous Joint (Suture)
Fibrous Joint (Suture) * the amount of movement is based on the length of the tissue fibres *

5. Fibrous Joint (Syndesmosis)

6. Cartilaginous Joint Types
(Synchondroses) – temporary joints present in children
E.g. epiphyseal plates in long bones
(Sympheses) – permanent cartilaginous joints
E.g. vertebral column

7. Temporary Joint

8. Permanent Joint

9. Synovial Joints There are 6 types
These are categorized according to range of movement possible
Movement determined by:
Shape of articulating surfaces
Position of ligaments
Number of ligaments

11. Synovial Joint Features
Common features include
A joint (articular) capsule: unites the articulating bones.
A joint cavity.
A synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid to reduce friction/absorb shock, supply nutrients.
Articular (hyaline) cartilage.

12. Some Synovial Joints Also Have…
Bursae
Small sacs of synovial fluid located at points of friction
Menisci
Discs of cartilage between bone surfaces
Pads of fat
Added protection

14. Synovial Joints

15. Synovial Joints

16. Ball and Socket

17. Ball and Socket Joint Multiaxial Movement in all 3 planes
Flexion/Extension
Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation

18. Hinge

19. Hinge Joint Uniaxial Only permits flexion and extension
Examples are the knee, elbow and ankle

20. Pivot

21. Pivot Joints
Uniaxial
It allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis
Example is the atlanto-axial joint

22. Plane

23. Planar Joints Nonaxial
The motion they allow does not occur around an axis or along a plane
Examples are intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints etc

24. Saddle

25. Saddle Joints Biaxial Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Example is the carpometacarpal joint

26. Condyloid

27. Condyloid Joints Biaxial Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
Examples are the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints