1. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 1 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Bruce Mayer, PE Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu Engineering 10 Chp.6 Energy EROEI - Nuclear

2. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 2 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI  Energy Returned On Energy Invested  Energy Invested – in order to: ACQUIRE energy, it TAKES ENERGY To PROCESS (Refine) energy, it TAKES ENERGY TRANSPORT a form of energy, it TAKES ENERGY. STORE energy, it TAKES ENERGY. USE energy, it also TAKES ENERGY

3. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 3 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI  Energy Returned On Energy Invested  Energy Returned: After you have taken into account all the energy used in the last slide...how MUCH ENERGY do you have left? OR How much energy does it actually COST in order to USE a particular form of energy?

4. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 4 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI - Analogy  Say that you have $100 that you want to INVEST at a bank.  The bank is offers an account for a year that pays 10% interest.  Check the TOTAL Gain or LOSS From this Investment What if you didn't have a car so you take the Bus to the Bank. It costs you $4 to catch the bus round-trip to go to the bank and deposit the money. After a year, you pay another $4 to catch another bus to the bank to withdraw your money and interest.  The math on This investment: $100 + 10% interest = $110 at the end of the year. MINUS $4 for the first bus and another $4 for the 2nd bus = $8 total. Subtracting the $8 from the $110 that leaves a total of $102;  the REAL return on your investment = 2/100 = 2% Not such a good deal after all

5. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 5 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI Graphically  If there is NO Surplus, then E out /E in <1, and We have WASTED energy Note: EROI ↔ EROEI BackWork

6. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 6 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI – Fuel (Thermal) Energy Energy FormEROEI/EROI Oil & Gas: 1940'sDiscoveries > 100.0 Oil & Gas 1970'sProduction 23.0, discoveries 8.0 Coal (mine mouth) 1950's80.0 Coal (mine mouth)1970's30.0 Oil shale0.7 to 13.3 Coal liquefaction0.5 to 8.2 Geopressured gas1.0 to 5.0 Ethanol (sugercane)0.8 to 1.7 Ethanol (corn)1.3 Ethanol (corn residues)0.7 to 1.8 Methanol (wood)2.6 Solar space heat (fossil backup)1.9

7. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 7 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI – Electrical Energy Energy FormEROEI/EROI Coal9.0 Hydropower11.2 Nuclear (light-water reactor)4.0 Solar Photovoltaics1.7-10 Geothermal1.9-13  From these Lists We Spot a Couple of Dicey Propositions Solar Electricity Corn Ethanol as a fuel

8. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 8 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering EROEI Life Cycle Analysis Example  Consider the Production of a Wind Turbine with a 20-25yr Operating Life

9. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 9 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Wind Turbine Nacelle http://www.vestas.com/en/about-vestas/sustainability/wind-turbines-and-the- environment/life-cycle-assessment-(lca).aspx

10. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 10 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Wind Turbine LCA  Turbine Production Environmental NEGATIVE Impacts Manufacturing of raw materials Production of components The wind turbine’s energy production De-commissioning of the wind turbine Energy Source Energy Consumption [MJ/kWh produced] FOSSIL FUELS Crude oil2.46E-02 Hard coal1.95E-02 Lignite3.38E-03 Natural gas2.24E-02 Nuclear power2.05E-02 RENEWABLE ENERGY Biomass, dry matter, fuel7.29E-04 Biomass, dry matter, raw material2.54E-05 Hard wood, dry matter, raw material1.26E-04 Primary energy from hydro power6.07E-03 Primary energy from wind power4.51E-07 Renewable fuels2.08E-08 Total (MJ/kWh produced)9.82E-02 Total (kWh/kWh produced)2.73E-02 Total Energy Invested (kWh/turbine)4,304,222

11. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 11 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering 3.0 MWe Wind Turbine EROEI  Energy Invested = 4,304 MWh/turbine  Energy Returned = 173,580 MWh/turbine 7,890,000 kWh/Turbine٠Year 22 Year Operating Life  The EROEI Calculation:  An EXCELLENT Return!

12. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 12 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering  WindPower is NONDispactchable Can NOT call it up at any time –Needs Supplemental STORAGE WindPower DownSide

13. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 13 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Energy Sources – Fact & Fancy  Question  Question – Which Energy Source Has These Attractive Aspects NO HydroCarbon or NO x Emissions NO GreenHouse Gas Emissions Very High Energy Density –Easy to Transport Fuel Plug-Compatible With Existing Electrical Grid Can Easily Produce Hydrogen During “Off Peak” Hours Low Energy Inputs to Produce?

14. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 14 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Answer → Nuclear (Fission) Power

15. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 15 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Energy Sources – Fact & Fancy  Nuclear Fission Limitations Waste Handling is a Political Issue –Have Technological Solutions  Waste Concentration, and Then Storage in Water- Free, Geologically Stable Salt-Mine Structures Fear of Accidental Radiation Releases Due to Loss of Coolant Accidents Such as TMI –New Designs are Fail-Safe; LoCA’s can Be Engineered OUT ByProduction of Nuclear-Weapons Compatible Materials; e.g., Plutonium

16. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 16 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering ReCall Mr. Pye’s Energy Diagram

17. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 17 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Energy Sources – Future  Any of the Previous Techniques Could Benefit from Technology “BreakThrus” Possible Examples –A BioEngineered Fermentation Enzyme Greatly Reduces Energy Required to Make Ethanol  Nuclear FUSION Fission: Break a Heavy Atom (Uranium) to Liberate Heat (and Neutrons) FUSION: Combine Light Hydrogen Atoms to Liberate Heat (and Make Heavier Helium Atoms)

18. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 18 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Energy Sources – Future cont Fusion Produces MUCH LESS Radioactive Material Than Fission Reactors –But it’s NOT Zero Fuel is “Heavy Water” Isotopes That are in More than Sufficient Supply in Sea Water Fusion Limitations –An EXTREMELY Difficult Technical Problem; Must Generate Local Temperatures That Approximate those found in STARS –50 Years of Intense Study Have barely Reached the Energy Break-Even Point

19. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 19 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Fission & Fusion Nuclear Reactions  Fission → Splitting  Fusion → Joining  Dueterium → H with 1 Neutron (2 nucleons)  Tritium → H with 2 Neutrons (3 nucleons)

20. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 20 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering

21. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 21 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electric Cars?  The USA consumes about 140 BILLION Gallons of Gasoline per year Actually 137 916 702 000 gallons per the USA Energy Information Adminstration –http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psu p_dc_nus_mbbl_m.htm  Lets make an estimate of how much electricity would be needed to replace the amount of gasoline used by on-road vehicles

22. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 22 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate Assumptions  95% of Gasoline is used in Cars/Trucks  Gasoline heat of combustion = 45 MJ/kg  Gasoline Density = 737 kg/cu-m  Piston Engine Thermal Efficiency = 25% Mr. Pye said 25-30%  Electricity Transmission Efficiency = 96%  Battery charging efficiency = 80%  Battery discharging efficiency = 80%  Electric Motor efficiency = 90%  1 cubic meter = 264.2 gallon [US, liquid]

23. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 23 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  95% of Gasoline used by Vehicles  133B gallons to Cu-m

24. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 24 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Mass of 503M cu-m of gasoline  Thermal Energy in 371B kg of Gasoline

25. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 25 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Energy delivered to DriveShaft using 25% Thermal-Engine Efficiency  This is the amount of Mechanical Energy that must be delivered to the DriveShaft by the electric motor that REPLACES the gasoline engine Now Work BACKwards

26. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 26 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Electrical Energy applied to the motor using motor efficiency  Electrical Energy applied to Battery Charger using charger efficiency  Energy stored in Batteries to Power the motor using Battery efficiency

27. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 27 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Electrical Energy produced at the PowerPlant using Transmission Efficiency  Thus the ADDITIONAL electric energy that power plants must produce to run vehicles is about 7 550 000 TeraJoules in a year

28. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 28 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Convert TeraJoules per year into MegaWatts-Electric (MWe)  And a J/s is a Watt, so the MWe equivalent:

29. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 29 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Now a BIG nuclear PowerPlant such as Diablo Canyon is rated at about 2000 MWe – Use this to Calc the NEW Power Plants needed run vehicles

30. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 30 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Thus to Run our vehicles on Electricity we would need to open a NEW Nuclear PowerPlant EVERY MONTH for TEN YEARS

31. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 31 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering New Electricity for Cars Compared  The TOTAL generating Capacity in the USA is about 1 070 000 MWe The Electricity for Cars would add about 25% to the USA total  The Total generating Capacity in CALIFORNIA is about 56 000 MWe The Electricity for Cars would require about 4 NEW Californias

32. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 32 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Energy Summary  In My Humble Opinion ENERGY PRODUCTION is the SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT Technology Issue Facing Human Kind A Low-Cost, Low-Environmental-Impact Energy Source GREATLY Facilitates The Solution of All Technical Problems –Food Production –Medical Advances –Water Production –Housing & Shelter

33. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 33 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering All Done for Today National Ignition Facility Fusion in LIVERMORE Cool Videos https://lasers.llnl.gov/mult imedia/video_gallery/

34. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 34 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering Electricity Estimate  Engery delivered to DriveShaft using 25% Engine Efficiency  Electrical Energy applied to the motor using motor efficiency

35. BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-10_Lec-09_Chp6_Population_Energy.ppt 35 Bruce Mayer, PE Engineering-10: Intro to Engineering DT Reaction