1. DAWNING OF THE AGE OF MAHAN 1890-1898 Sea Power & Maritime Affairs Lesson 7

2. Admin  Anything you want to include – Quizzes – Assignments – Etc

3. Last Class Post American Civil War  Revolution in Navy technology

4. Today Dawning of Age of Mahan  Formalization of education  Formalization of Strategy

5. 8 Key Themes 1.Navy as an instrument of foreign policy 2.Interaction between Congress and Navy 3.Interservice relations 4.Technology 5.Leadership 6.Strategy & Tactics 7.Evolution of US Naval Doctrine 8.Future missions of Navy and USMC

6. Formalizing and Educating

7. Naval Institute Press  1873  Professional articles on the current and future topics in naval warfare.

8. Office of Naval Intelligence  1882  Mission was to study foreign navies and remain up-to-date on foreign naval strength, strategy and tactics.

9. Education Navy War College (1884) – Stephen B. Luce – Study sea power – Alfred Thayer Mahan – Strategy & tactics War Plans

10. Education The Influence of Sea Power Upon History  1890  Studies naval history 1660-1783  Draws several conclusions about sea power: 1.Command of the sea determines national prosperity, and big navies determine command of the sea. 2.Concentrated fleets and concentrated battles win wars. 3.Controlling lines of communication is paramount Book is an instant success – Required reading Breathes life into US Navy Sparks US naval renaissance.

11. How do these influence US navy?  Renaissance of US Navy – Ship building, force size, force structure  Formal education in strategy and tactics  Intellectual approach to sea power – Pre-planed strategy – “Plan Black” – “Plan Orange”

12. ABCD Ships  1883  Reason: Diplomatic impotence  USS Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dolphin  First “All-Steel” ships  Boon for steel industry Congress begins authorizing consistent ship construction. Why do we care?

13. How did tactics change? Tactics more complex but not institutionalized – Battle of Lissa – Spanish-American War – Russo-Japanese War Overall – Less formality (no line) – Distant engagements – Battle Group tactics Ships Attacks Munitions

14. History Wars, conflicts, and interventions Diplomacy

15. Major Events? International Conflicts – Russo-Japanese War (1905) US Conflicts – Small international conflicts Pacific & Caribbean – Spanish-American War (1898)

16. American foreign Policy?  “Open Door Policy” (1899)  Roosevelt Corollary (1904) – Venezuela, Dominican Republic & Cuba – “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Overall foreign policy  Spirit of Imperialism  Awareness of Navy’s role – Economy – National Strength – Foreign Policy

17. Colonialism Pre-1900

18. Virginius Affair  Cuban Civil War  Virginius was American ship hired by insurrectionists to supply revolution – American & British crew – Spanish capture it – (53) executed for piracy  Enormous international tension – US poised to declare war – Settlement: Reparations for affected families  Sparks Naval Renaissance: we realize there is no weight to our threats 1873-1875

19. Samoan Crisis  Samoan Civil War – Germany interfering (colonial ambition)  US and Great Britain opposed Germany – Tense standoff – (3) American v. (3) German warships  Before hostilities, a cyclone wrecked all (6) ships.  Standoff ends  Agreed to partition – American Samoa – German Samoa 1887-1889

20. True Blue Saloon Incident  Chilean Revolution  USS Baltimore sent to protect American interests  2 killed, 18 wounded at bar in Valparaiso  US demands restitution  Chile pays, but US realizes its Navy is weaker than Chile’s Navy. 1891

21. What do these incidents teach US?  Reinforce “Social Darwinism”  Navy is key to – International diplomacy – National prosperity

22. Next Class Topic1898-1914, Spanish-American War Assignment(s) Quiz Other Info