1. 1 Urban Freight: Myths, Good Practices, Best Practices Thomas Zunder, NewRail

2. More deliveries, same weight Deliveries generated per person in 2004 in French cities = 11.4 (5.7 in 1988) => The number of shipments has doubled Tons generated per person per year in cities = 10 (10.8 in 1988) The tonnage has remained stable Source: ECHO surveys, IFSTTAR

3. Urban distribution centres are growing Shipments (sent from a city and going through an urban terminal): from 21% in 1988 to 69% in 2004 Shipments (received in a city after going through an urban terminal): from 39% in 1988 to 51% in 2004 Note: Normal private operations Source: ECHO Shippers’ Survey, Dablanc & Routhier (2009)

4. Urban deliveries are highly efficient Urban economy today Shops with less inventory, more product types and in need of more frequent deliveries Service activities, increased demand for express parcel deliveries Development of e-commerce ($200 billion in 2009 in Europe) and home deliveries

5. Logistics sprawl The spatial deconcentration of logistics facilities in metropolitan areas overtime Caused by land cost, large urban developments, need for modern facilities and planning regulation Generates considerable additional vehicle-miles and CO2 emissions in urban areas

6. Myths, Good Practices, Best Practices City logistics = any service provision contributing to an optimised management of the movement of goods in cities. Started 1980s Germany. Has seen a mixed success. Myths: Banning Lorries works. Put it all on rail or tram. Night time deliveries are bad.. or good.. or noisy

7. Banning Lorries works.. Not.. The most famous truck ban in Europe is the London Lorry Ban in place since 1975: trucks over 18 tons cannot circulate at night and weekends within a delimited area BUT Paris has banned trucks (over 29 m2) during day time Not optimal: promote small capacity vehicles (vans, light trucks) increasing total congestion and diminishing the efficiency of freight transport. ‘Regulatory patchwork’ in a metropolitan area made up of differing regulatory authorities. Can and does increase vehicle trips!

8. Put it all on rail or tram. Really? Cargo-tram in Dresden for Volkswagen: conveyor belt. Zurich Cargo Tram: actually waste collection in lay-bys. City-Cargo, a major cargo-tram project in Amsterdam, went bankrupt in 2009 Rail freight in cities has noise impacts, is costly and lacks available track capacity capacity, sidings and yards

9.  90 Monoprix supermarkets supplied by rail since 2007  Trains arrive in a renovated freight terminal close to the centre of Paris  CNG trucks for the final distribution  Saving of 410 tons of CO2 annually  26% increase in transportation costs per pallet  Financially non-viable The Monoprix rail experiment in Paris

10. Night time deliveries are bad.. or good.. or noisy Operators would rather deliver when roads are quiet. But some cities fear noise and disturbance. Some retailers do not wish to man stores out of hours. Source: José Holguín-Veras

11. Good Practices Discussing with the industry Providing forums for discussion and negotiation can ensure that a policy targeted towards freight transport is successful, Giving specific labels to virtuous delivery companies, Signing “Freight Partnerships” or giving labels is well appreciated but promises must be met, Tyne and Wear FQP is a fine example of a working FQP, there are many that are not..

12. Motomachi Urban Consolidation Centre in Yokohama, Japan The UCC processes 85% of flows delivered to the neighbourhood's shops Three CNG trucks make delivery tours from the UCC, located a few hundred meters away from the retail area Today the scheme provides good delivery service at low environmental cost to the community but at a high cost to the shopkeepers’ association Building a viable public centre is very difficult and the majority fail..

13. VELOCE (Italy) Vicenza Eco Logistics Centre Bristol consolidation centre (UK) ELCIDIS (ELectric CIty DIStribution center, La Rochelle, France) More than 150 in Europe in the 1990s, about 20 today London construction consolidation centre

14. Success factors for UCCs Positive: Controlled location (LTZ in Italy, Heathrow Airport, Building site, close urban area (Monaco) Shipper or receiver willingness to pay, often for added value activities. Negative: Duplicating private distribution Suppressing brand identity No clear revenue stream beyond public funds.

15. Best Practices: Plan Freight into City Integrating freight into planning policies (urban and/or transport planning) and building codes Common concepts: off-street delivery space provision New concepts compulsory storage space in businesses’ premises multi-story logistic terminals in urban areas reservation of logistics land use in urban master plans bid for tenders for using an urban terminal (cheap rent vs clean deliveries)

16. Best Practices: Enforcement In London and in Italian cities, plate-reading cameras Barcelona, Spain and Gothenburg, Sweden, no cameras but trained officers Monitoring CCTV Freight needs enforcement to flow

17. Piek: Assessment of noise levels Highest noise causes disturbances (PIEK level) Acceptable noise level 60 – 65 dB(A) Hearing level: 0 dB(A) Silent area in nature: 20 dB(A) Whispering: 30 dB(A) Normal conversation: 60 dB(A) Busy highway at 10 m: 80 dB(A) Starting airplane at 200 m altitude: 100 dB(A) Reversing beep at 7,5 m: 110 dB(A

18. Peak noise without ‘quiet’ development Peak level at 7,5 m in dB(A) : 74 : 67 – 83 : 65 – 92 : 74 – 85 : 70 – 78 : 77 – 82 : 53 – 77 Slamming door Driving up/away Load hatch Containers over load floor Refrigeration kicking in Removing onboard forklift Shopping trolleys

19. Key development 1: Low noise body

20. Key development 2 Low noise engine

21. Key development 3 Low noise cargo handling equipment

22. Key development 4 Training staff Noise abatement quiet delivery scheme Checklist driver Mind the speed Mind the RPM level Turn off the radio Don’t slam the doors Don’t drop the cargo storage bar Engage roll cage stop whole foot Training course drivers

23. Albert Heijn in Netherlands 4 types of shops 1700 shops in total Turnover 8 billion Euros 70,000 employees

24. Logistic impact 1: Less congestion Time reduction 1 location Average time before : 1.30 Average time trial : 0.30

25. Logistic impact 2: Larger vehicles in the night Big supermarket center of Den Bosch Before : 3 rigids 28 roll containers After: Trailer 62 roll containers

26. Thank you Many initiatives in last 30 years. Most failed. But best and good practice exist. Learn and avoid the myths! Thomas Zunder +44 1226 379789 Tom.zunder@ncl.ac.uk PIEK: Robert Govaers g_c@telfort.nl