2. Rebecca Crabtree Fall 2010

4.  Green House Gases (GHG) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) Methane (CH 4 )  Lowered pH of oceans Acidity= loss  Coral reefs  Biodiversity  Ocean life  Global Warming  No reliable renewable energy source.

5. Fossil Fuel Energy Replacement?  Solar Energy Thermal Photovoltaic  Hydroelectric  Geothermal  Wind  Biofuels  Carbon Sequestration (Seizure)

6.  Jatropha Drought resistant 28-35% Oil production Used for soap, fertilizer, pest control.  Lignocellulosic materials  Agricultural residues  Systematically grown energy crops With high potential yields of biofuels not used as a human consumption food source.

7. DIESEL & GASOLINEBIODIESEL & BIO-ETHANOL  Reducing crude oil reserves  Extraction and processing difficulties  Continual price increase $$$$  Available Now  Produced from biomass or renewable resources  Lower combustion emissions  Produced with existing technologies  More expensive than fossil fuels currently

8.  Diversify income fuel supply sources. Increased energy supply security  Promote Employment  Long term fossil fuel replacement  Reduce GHG emissions

9. available arable land for bio-energy crops

10.  Microalgae! Renewable Land requirement reduction Presumed higher energy yields Cultivation is not directly linked to human consumption Low Space Requirements

11.  Prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly and live in harsh conditions.

12.  Prokaryotic: Cyanobacteria  Bluegreen Algae Cyanophyceae  Eukaryotic Green algae Diatoms Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta

13.  Present in all existing ecosystems including terrestrial  50,000 species are in existance  Only 30,000 have been analyzed

14.  Pollution control Biological sequestrian of CO 2 Wastewater treatment  Advantages compared to other feedstock  Current status of production Growth, harvest, and processing  Other potential applications and the combination with biodiesel production

15.  Easily Cultivated  Little to no attention needed  Uses water that is unsuitable for human consumption  Easily obtains nutrients  Self reproduction Photosynthesis  Complete entire growth cycle in days!  Growth rates can be accelerated  Can grow almost anywhere with sunlight and simple nutrients

16. Soy Bean, Rapeseed, Sunflower, Palm oil  Possibility of finding local environments best suited for specific growth characteristics  Higher growth rates and productivity  Less land area requirements  Average oil content is 30-70%  Can produce biodiesel, methane, hydrogen, ethanol and many other renewable fuels

17.  Removal of CO 2 from industrial flue gases Algae bio-fixation  Wastewater treatment Water contaminants used as nutrients  After oil extraction it can be processed into ethanol, methane, livestock feed, organic fertilizer (high N:P ratio), burned for energy (electricity and heat)

18.  Independently grown in unsuitable agricultural areas No competition for arable land No freshwater requirement  Compound extraction can produce bulk products Fats, polyunsaturated fats, oil, natural dyes, sugars, pigments, antioxidants, high-value bioactive compounds, etc.  High-value biological derivatives Biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, food additives, aquaculture, pollution prevention

19. How grow, harvest, and process algae as a renewable resource

20. Materials and Methods

21. 1960’S JAPAN, NIHON CHLORELLA USING MICROALGAE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY -1970  Culture of Chlorella  Most common species found in Smith Mountain Lake and Chapman Pond!  Interest began during the first oil crisis

23.  Dairy and Municipal Waste Water Production: Nutrient removal and lipid production methods  Dairy: outdoor cultures (bench scale)  Stock ponds  Municipal: indoor reactors (semi-continuous treatment)

24. This may be seen being used with municipal indoor production systems.

28.  Lipid content ranges from 14-29% with dairy and municipal production systems.  Both algae cultures have proven to effectively remove dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus to low levels.  Both algae cultures have proven to produce feedstock useful for liquid biofuel production.

29. DAIRYMUNICIPAL  Lipid content peaked at day 6  If maximum productivity sustained year round the total volumetric productivity would equal: 11,000 L/ha/year 1,200 gal/ac/year  Ammonium and Orthophosphate removal was 96%  2-4 day hydraulic residence times (time growing in the water)  Maximum productivity was 24 mg/day/L 8.76 g/year/L  Ammonium and Orthophosphate removal was 99%

33. How do YOU feel about using microalgae as an alternative fuel source?