1. Undersea Cables MICKEY MURGITTROYD TYLER PENBERTHY

2. Cable Installation  90% of international data is transmitted by these cables  Hundreds of thousands of miles long  Cable-Layer Boats  Shallow water- soda can diameter  Deep Water- magic marker diameter  Buried using high pressure water jets

3. Damage to Cables  Sharks pose a threat to these cables  They chew on the cables that were laid  Google put on Shark Proof Wire wrappers on their cables  Extreme cost to put down and protect

4. Disruptions  Although it may seem to be more reliable, it may not be  Could be disrupted by boat anchors, trawling fishing vessels, natural disasters  To avoid this, a company is proposing running through Arctic  Previous impossible, but with climate change and melting ice caps, it may be possible

5. History of Transatlantic cables  1854, first transatlantic cable connected Newfoundland and Ireland  Four years later, the first transmission went through  It wrote, “Laws, Whitehouse received five minutes signal. Coil signals too weak to relay. Try drive slow and regular. I have put intermediate pulley. Reply by coils.”

6. Spies  USSR transmitted weakly encoded messages in the Cold War  U.S.S. Halibut found cable between Naval bases and gathered transmissions  Installed a giant wiretap, operation IVY BELLS  Eventually sold back to Soviets by NSA analyst

7. Faster than Satellites  Cheaper than satellites  Well over a thousand satellites in orbit  Satellites have a two-fold problem: latency and bit loss  Developed optical fibers that transmit at 99.7% the speed of light

8. Forget Cyber-Warfare  To really cripple the internet you need scuba gear and a pair of wire cutters  Happened in Egypt in 2013  Just north of Alexandria, men cut the South-East-Asia-Middle-East- West-Europe 4 cable. (connects 3 continents)  Internet speed was crippled by 60% until line was repaired

9. Repairing Underwater Cables  In shallow water, robots are used to haul the cable to the surface  In deep water (6,500 feet or greater), a special grapnel is sent to haul the cable up  Sometimes the grapnel cuts the wire in two making it easier to repair

10. Undersea Backbone Built To Last 25 Years  285 communication cables at bottom of the ocean  22 of them not in use (dark cables)  Submarine cables have life expectancy of 25 years  An increase in Internet traffic would lead to more frequent cable upgrades