1. Case Report Submitted by:Jordan Emerson Faculty reviewer:Dr. Sandra Oldham, M.D. Date accepted:29 August 2007 Radiological Category:Principal Modality (1): Principal Modality (2): Neuroradiology None CT

2. Case History 28 year old male presents with chronic worsening lower left flank pain.

3. Radiological Presentations

7. Metastatic Disease Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 CNS Lymphoma Which one of the following is your choice for the appropriate diagnosis? After your selection, go to next page. Test Your Diagnosis

8. There are numerous smooth, well-defined soft tissue densities without enhancement or calcifications located cutaneously, subcutaneously, and around the spinal column. Also noted is a mass protruding from the neural foramen causing widening in the lumbar region which is consistent with a plexiform neurofibroma. A very large heterogeneous mass of soft tissue density is noted in the left gluteal region. There is marked hydronephrosis on the left side with an increase in the diameter of the ureter. There are no stones within the kidneys or ureter on non-contrast CT. Neurofibromatosis type 1 Neurofibromatosis type 2 Metastatic disease Differentials: Findings and Differentials

9. Metastatic disease must be considered in a patient with multiple soft tissue masses. Without further work-up for a primary malignancy, metastasis cannot be completely ruled out. Evidence of peripheral nerve involvement (cutaneous and subcutaneous) does go against metastatic disease. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is known as central neurofibromatosis and occurs at a rate of 1/50K. The gene is located on chromosome 22 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The common features of NF-2 include bilateral acoustic neuromas, multiple meningiomas, and multiple schwannomas. Skin lesions occur in 30% of these patients. Diagnostic criteria include: *Bilateral eighth nerve tumors (detected by MRI) *Family member with NF-2 or a unilateral eighth nerve lesion and 2 of the following *Juvenile subcapsular lens opacities, glioma, meningioma, or schwannoma Discussion

10. With cutaneous, subcutaneous, and plexiform neurofibromas seen on the CT scan, Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen’s) becomes the most likely diagnosis. This disease occurs at a prevalence of 1/3000. The gene is located on chromosome 17 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, though half the cases are due to sporadic mutation. The diagnosis is made clinically and the patient must have at least two of the following criteria: Six or more café-au-lait macules >5mm in prepubertal and >15mm in postpubertal Two or more neurofibromas OR one plexiform neurofibroma Freckling of the axillary or inguinal regions Optic glioma Two or more lisch nodules Distinctive bony lesions (pseudoarthrosis, sphenoid dysplasia or long bone thinning) First degree relative with NF-1 Discussion

11. Things to look for in imaging NF-1: Neurofibroma = Tumor consisting of schwann cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells. There are 4 types: 1. Cutaneous 2. Subcutaneous 3. Nodular Plexiform – tumor involving a nerve root or major nerve. 4. Diffuse Plexiform – usually a congenital tumor involving fascicles. ** Plexiform are cause of major morbidity due to the angiogenic and invasive properties of these tumors. Also are have risk of malignant transformation into neurofibrosarcoma. Optic glioma, Meningioma and Astrocytoma UBOs – Unidentified Bright Objects Pheochromocytoma Meningocele Renal artery stenosis GI neurofibromas Sphenoid bone dysplasia, Long bone thinning, pseudoarthrosis, scoliosis Discussion

12. Imaging Modalities for NF-1: 1. Plain film Used to evaluate any skull abnormalities (including optic glioma), scoliosis, long bone deformities, and pseudoarthrosis. GI neurofibromas can be located on barium study 2. CT Neurofibromas appear as soft tissue density masses Optic gliomas can be seen as widening of the optic canals GI neurofibromas seen as ring enhancing with contrast Sphenoid dysplasia is seen as infiltration and decalcification of the bone Can be used to evaluate hydrocephalus, hydronephrosis, etc. caused by the tumors 3. MRI On T2 the neurofibromas present with increased signal at the periphery with decreased attenuation in the center of the tumor = “Target Sign” Discussion

13. Imaging Modalities for NF-1 cont. UBO = increased signal on T2 in the Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, and sub-cortical white matter Optic gliomas = isointense enlargement of optic nerves on T1 and T2 Meningiomas = hypointense mass on T1 (can use gadolinium to increase signal) Pheochromocytoma = hyperintense on T2 Meningoceles = MRI is the study of choice since the pathological anatomy can be identified. Will enhance on T2. Discussion

14. Plexiform Neurofibroma

15. Findings and Differentials Left Optic Glioma: T1 weighted image

16. Optic Glioma: T2 weighted image

17. Findings: Differentials: Pseudoarthrosis

18. Findings: Differentials: Findings and Differentials Scoliosis with an associated Meningocele

19. UBO

20. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (von Recklinghausen’s disease) Diagnosis

21. S Aoki, AJ Barkovich, K Nishimura, BO Kjos, T Machida, P Cogen, M Edwards, and D Norman. Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2: cranial MR findings. Radiology 1989; 172: 527. James D. Eastwood, David J. Fiorella, James F. MacFall, David M. Delong, James M. Provenzale, and Robert S. Greenwood. Increased Brain Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Radiology 2001; 219: 354. Dachman AH: CT in neurofibromatosis type I. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000 Dec; 175(6 ) Stevenson, DA, Zhou, H, Ashrafi, S, et al. Double inactivation of NF1 in tibial pseudarthrosis. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:143. Lewis, RA, Gerson, PL, Axelson, KA, et al. von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: incidence of optic gliomata. Ophthalmology 1984; 91:929. Ducatman, BS, Scheithauer, BW, Piepgras, DG, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 120 cases. Cancer 1986; 57:2006. Southcott, R, Lucraft, HH. Association of soft tissue sarcomas other than neurofibrosarcoma with neurofibromatosis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 14:431. www.utdol.com www.emedicine.com www.utdol.com www.emedicine.com References