1. TODAY What are the approaches to tourism planning
Managing tourism growth

2. TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
Tourism Planning approaches
Managing tourism growth

3. Tourism Policies (Hall, 2000)
International Tourism Policies from 1945-present :
Streamlining of police and customs, currency and health regulations put in place after II WW. :
Government involvement marketing in order to increase earning potential.  :
Government involvement in supply of tourism infrastructure and tourism as tool for regional development.
1985-present
Reduced government involvement in supply of infrastructure
Environmental issues
Emphasis on public-private partnerships
Industry self-regulation
Alternative tourism/ new approaches to tourism

4. APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING
Boosterism
An economic, industry-oriented approach
A physical/spatial approach
A community-oriented approach
Sustainable tourism approach (system approach)

5. BOOSTERISM
Boosterism has long been the dominant towards tourism development.
It is simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and benefits to the hosts.
Little consideration is given to the potential negative, economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism

6. BOOSTERISM
Instead, cultural and natural resources are regarded as objects to be exploited for the sake of tourism development
Residents of tourists destination are not involved in the decision-making and planning process.
Boosterism is still used by politicians who believe that economic growth is always to be promoted.

7. THE ECONOMIC TRADITION
Tourism is seen as an industry
Government use tourism to promote growth and development in specific areas
Use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitors
Economic goals given more priority over ecological & social issues
Limited attention is given to impacts of tourism

8. THE ECONOMIC TRADITION
Satisfaction of visitors, positive attitudes towards tourists in host communities not answered

9. THE PHYSICAL/SPATIAL APPROACH
Development defined in environmental terms
Ecological basis for development
Concentration or dispersal of visitors
Visitor management
Physical carrying capacity
Limited attention is given to social and cultural attributes of the destination.

10. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH
Community-oriented approach is:
engages with and involve local people at the destination
enhancing their economic livelihoods while…..
protecting their cultural values and …..
preserving the natural environment.

11. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH
Development defined as socio-cultural terms
Need for local control
Search for balanced development
Search for alternatives to “mass” tourism
It is therefore a “bottom-up approach”

12. A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH
Under this approach, residents are regarded as the focal point of the tourism planning exercise.
Community development
Awareness & education
Social impact assessment
But…….

13. SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO TOURISM PLANNING
Sustainable development with its primary objectives “promising, lasting and secure livelihoods which minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disturbance and social instability” (Timothy, 1998).
Sustainable tourism development concept has been often criticized for its contradictory goals that never achieved.
Achieving sustainability requires:
Co-operation
Industry co-ordination/collaboration
Consumer awareness
Producer awareness

14. Reflections thinking sustainable planning
Global thinking must become a framework for local “action”
Any approach to sustainable tourism planning needs to be based on triple bottom liner
Tourism planning must be rich in theory in order to be effective in the long term

15. MANAGING GROWTH
What are the reasons for controlling and managing the growth?
Allow residents to adjust
Balance with infrastructure development
Integration with the development of other economic sectors
Minimising the impacts of the increasing arrivals of tourists

16. MANAGING GROWTH quality of development quantity of development
location of development

17. MANAGING GROWTH Quality
The process for more carefully deciding whether to build things is called EIA
This resulted in raising the public awareness
Many communities have decided that they want such development only if they meet certain standards of quality

18. Case study: Indonesia Divided the country into 6 zones
Each zone is expected to become self-reliant
Each zone has its market opportunities,
Each zone will not compete with each other but rather complement each other

19. Case study: Indonesia

20. Final conclusions
Government planners have determined that mass tourism would be inappropriate in most locations
Tourism development is to be directed only to cities and few established tourists areas
Each of the six tourism zones has been mapped with references to its existing & potential
Each zone has been primarily targeted for one or more development strategies on the basis of the type of tourist attracted by its special qualities

21. MANAGING GROWTH Quantity
Those strategies are not new
Many communities have increased the quantity of development in the areas in order to seek quick fix for the economy
Many developed and developing countries have been successful promoting sustainable tourism through strategies emphasize on quality and location.

22. Please come...but Not too many...and Not too often
There is no magic number that identifies the optimal of tourist destinations
How many tourists is too many also depends on when they visit
What the communities need is strategies to control and manage the rate, intensity and type of their tourism growth, so that impacts are favorable to those conditions the community desires
Carrying capacity analysis, sustainable concept approach, & preservation rules strategies

23. Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec

24. Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec
In 1990, the government of Canada and the province agreed to establish the Marine Park to conserve this exceptional marine environment
In 1995, a management plan had been agreed upon and diverse coordinating committee conduct its initial meetings “conservation is primary goal”
Government recognition of the importance of this Park “Multi-purpose”
Therefore, introduction of modern methods of protecting marine ecosystems

25. Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec
Key management tool to accomplish its goals is “districting according to uses”
Quebec identifies four districts from most restrictive to least restrictive;
Comprehensive preservation
Specific protection
General protection
General use districts
1997- discussion paper was prepared concerning control of whale-watching activities in the park

26. MANAGING GROWTH Location enhancement strategies
There are various strategies that communities enhance and enlarge and manage their tourism
Expanding strategies
Divert/dispersal strategies
Concentration strategies

28. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
Faced with an unacceptable influx of tourists automobile traffic in narrow roads
It is well-preserved medieval city center, characterized by interesting architecture, small shops and cultural establishments.
In 1992 study identifies serious problems
Two types of tourists visiting Bruges
60% of travelers come by car
Resulted in threatening the environment

31. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
Report also differentiated the socioeconomic of the two types of Bruges tourists
Overnights tourists tended to spend more locally, have positive employment impacts, spread over the entire calendar year, less dependent on automobile use
The report proposed a two-pronged strategy to manage growth in tourism and its impacts
Concentration model (cultural hub of Bruges), traffic control plan
New Marketing efforts

32. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
1. Traffic control for a concentration model which has five aims:
Stimulation of the traffic flow within city center
Restriction of through traffic in the city center
Discouragement of the use of car as the best means to reach the city center
Increase of the mobility of bicyclist
Accessibility of administrative, socio-economic entities
The new system prevented vehicles from the Market square

33. Case study: Bruges, Belgium
An increased emphasis on public transport to the city center supplements the traffic restrictions
Improvement & expansion of parking spaces
Guarded underground now provide 4,300 parking places
2. Marketing efforts to promote the concentration model; to increase the marketing efforts in the inner city hotels; & convention & conference markets

34. Final conclusion
The Bruges concentration model was well thought out and has few clear focus/aims
One of the strengths is the policy was based on clear data
Further regulations and monitoring should be continued to realize the effectiveness of this strategy.