1. Xiangdong Ji University of Maryland Gluons in the proton BNL Nuclear Physics Seminar, Dec. 19, 2006

2. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Gluons and proton mass: a “virial” theorem 3. Gluons and proton spin: a model calculation 4. Gluons and strange quark contribution to proton’s magnetic moment: an EFT analysis 5. Summary

3. The Glue Mediator of the strong interactions Without of it, the mass of the proton would be the sum of three quark masses! Determine all the essential features of strong interactions (more important than quarks!) However, it is actually hard to “see” the glue in the low-energy world Does not couples to electromagnetism Gluon degrees of freedom “missing” in hadronic spectrum. … “Crouching quarks, hidden glue”

4. Gluon dominance in the vacuum QCD vacuum has interesting non-perturbative structures, Color confinement Chiral symmetry breaking These properties are large due to strong fluctuation gluon fields in the vacuum as in pure glue QCD. J.Negele et al

5. Large N c QCD (t’ Hooft, Witten) Many features of QCD seem to be kept in a theory with N c quark colors, where N c is large. Gluon dominance become obvious in this limit. A scalar gluon operator of GG types goes like N c 2 in the vacuum, because there are N c 2 -1 gluons (the majority wins!).

6. Chiral symmetry breaking (CSB) The left and right-handed quarks can be rotated independently in flavor space. This symmetry is broken by the zero-mode of instantons. CSB might generates a new mass scale for quarks and responsible for the success of quark models. CSB and Goldstone boson physics are critical to the low-energy properties of the proton.

7. Color confinement An amazing property of the QCD vacuum! May be understood from the view of color flux tubes Flux tubes deplete the vacuum color fields and generate (QCD) strings of constant energy density  needs for an effective string theory? $1M from Clay Institute of Mathematics

8. Gluon and proton Mass

9. Gluons in a proton The proton matrix element of the gluon operators goes like N c. Introduction of valence quarks yields a relatively small change in the background gluon field! Gluon distribution in the nucleon goes like g(x) = N c 2 f(N c x) : fraction of nucleon momentum carried by gluon is a constant!

10. Gluon parton distribution Gluons become dominant in the proton at small x (gluon saturation) Gluons account for about ½ of the proton momentum.

11. The proton mass One can calculate the proton mass through the expectation value of the QCD hamiltonian, Quark energy Quark mass Gluon energy Trace anomaly

12. A “virial theorem” The hamiltonian is just  d 3 xT 00 (stress-energy tensor of QCD) “Virial theorem” ( X. Ji, PRL70,1071,1995) The traceless part of the stress-energy tensor accounts for ¾ of the proton mass, and the trace part accounts for ¼. True in the so-called MIT bag model, where the trace part is just the vacuum (dark) energy.

13. MIT bag model (K. Johnson et al., 1975) Quarks are confined in a 3D cavity in which the vacuum gluon fields are depleted. The quarks inside the cavity obey the free Dirac equation. The pressure generated from mechanical motion balances the negative pressure from “cosmological constant”. “false vacuum” energy density B

14. Other ingredients The traceless part of the quark contribution can be determined through nucleon momentum sum rule  dx x q(x) = fraction of the momentum by quarks The quark mass contribution to the proton mass can be determined from Pion-N sigma term Chiral perturbation theory for masses of baryon octect

15. Mass budget of baryonic matter Dark-Energy Energy density of the universe

16. Color electric & magnetic fields One can solve the color electric and magnetic fields in the nucleon from the above The color electric field is stronger in the proton than that in the vacuum (strong coulomb field?) The color magnetic field produced by the motion of valence quark is also strong, with the surprising feature that it almost cancels that field in the vacuum. (A key to color confinement?)

17. Gluons and proton spin

18. Spin of the proton in QCD The spin of the nucleon can be decomposed into contributions from quarks and gluons Decomposition of quark contribution Decomposition of gluon contribution

19. Gluon helicity distribution In a polarized proton, the gluon parton may have helicity ± 1. Introduce their densities g ± (x) Gluon helicity distribution is  g(x) = g + (x) – g - (x) The total gluon helicity is  G =  dx  g(x) 1/2 +1 or -1

20. Size of ΔG? Thought to be large because of the possible role of axial anomaly –(α s /2  )  G (Altarelli & Ross, 1988) 2-4 units of hbar! Theoretical controversies… Of course, the gluon contribute the proton spin directly. Δq + ΔG + L z = 1/2 Naturalness? if ΔG is very large, there must be a large negative L z to cancel this---(fine tuning!)

21. Theory difficulty In gauge invariant form,  g(x) is a non-local operator which cannot be calculated in lattice QCD. Only in light-cone gauge,  G reduces to a local operator. However, light-cone gauge cannot be implemented in lattice QCD calculation!

22. Experimental measurements (I) Two leading-hadron production in semi-inclusive DIS Q-evolution in inclusive spin structure function g 1 (x)

23. Experimental measurements (II)  production in polarized PP collision at RHIC Two jet production in polarized PP collision at RHIC

24. Fit to data Generally depend on the function forms assumed. Hirai, Kumano, Saito, hep-ph/003213 (ACC)  g = 0.31 ± 0.32 type-1 = 0.47 ± 1.0 type-2 = — 0.56 ± 2.16 type-3 Type-3 fit assumes gluon polarization is negative at small x.

25. Large N c limit The polarized gluon matrix elements go like N c 0  1 in the large limit. Thus the polarized part of the gluon field is 1/N c suppressed relative to the measurable gluon field in the proton. 1/N c 2 suppressed relative to the gluon fields in the vacuum. Δg(x) = N c h(N c x) The polarized gluon field represents a weak response of the gluon system to the proton polarization.

26. Calculating Δg(x) in Models Since the quarks are the primary constituents of a proton, and Δg(x) effect is small, the polarized gluons may be calculated from where color current is generated by valence quarks The dominant gluon responsible for the motions of the quarks have no pol. effect. This is very much like small-x gluons whose sources are mostly from the valence quarks.

27.  G: positive? negative? There was a calculation by Jaffe ( PRB365, 1996 ), showing a negative result for  G in NR quark and MIT bag models (two-body contribution) However, there is also the one-body contribution Part of the one-body contribution cancels the two- body one, a positive residue remains. Barone et al., PRB431,1998

28. x-dependence No model calculation for x-dependent Δg(x) has ever reported in the literature so far. A calculation has recently been made in MIT bag model ( P. Chen, X. Ji )

29. A bag model  g(x) It is positive at all x! Similar to the correlation between the angular momentum and magnetic moment.

30. Compare with the fit Compared with the AAC fit with positivity constraint.

31. Non-relativistic quark model vs. the bag model

32. Gluons and strange quark contribution to proton’s magnetic moment

33. Magnetic moment of the proton Magnetic moment of the proton was measured in early 1930s, a first indication that proton has a nontrivial internal structure Individual quark-flavor contributions add Different contributions can be obtained from isospin symmetry and parity-violating electron scattering (SAMPLE + HAPPEX + G0 + …)

34. World Data near Q 2 ~0.1 GeV 2 Caution: the combined fit is approximate. Correlated errors and assumptions not taken into account Preliminary G M s = 0.28 +/- 0.20 G E s = -0.006 +/- 0.016 ~3% +/- 2.3% of proton magnetic moment ~0.2 +/- 0.5% of electric distribution HAPPEX-only fit suggests something even smaller: G M s = 0.12 +/- 0.24 G E s = -0.002 +/- 0.017

35. Strangeness Models (as/of 2000) Leading moments of form factors:  s = G M s (Q 2 =0)  s =  G E s /  (Q 2 =0)

36. A light strange quark Strange quark mass is about 100 MeV, neither light nor heavy. When a strange quark is considered light, QCD has an approximate SU L (3)XSU R (3) chiral symmetry. The spontaneous breaking of the symmetry leads to 8 massless Goldstone bosons. If so, the proton may sometimes be dissociated into a  and K +. Simple calculation shows that in this picture, the strange quark contribution to the proton’s magnetic moment is always negative!

37. A heavy strange quark (an EFT calculation) Light-by-light scattering Gluon matrix element

38. Muon contribution to electron’s MM

39. Understanding the EFT calculation

40. Proton matrix element

41. Contribution is positive at large M Ji & Toublan

42. Where does the transition happen? It is difficult to estimate where the transition happen in QCD However, lattice calculation seems to indicate that sharp transition occurs at relatively small quark mass.

43. Contribution is positive at large M Ji & Toublan

44. Conclusion Gluons play a critical role in QCD. They dominate in the vacuum and high-energy. Although they are less visible in hadron physics at low-energy, their contribution to the mass and spin of the proton is as important as the quarks. The polarized gluons effects in the proton are small. However, precision experimental data allow us to learn their effects through QCD analysis.