1. WHAT IS A SURNAME? Diploma in Family History

2. WHAT IS A SURNAME? Name added to a "given" name, in many cases inherited and held in common by members of a family European model Relatively recent Word

3. OTHER VARIETIES Icelandic and Norwegian Welsh Russian (Krasnoshtanov to Orlov) Jewish (Rosenthal, Eselkopf) Swedish (berg, blom)

4. TYPES OF EUROPEAN SURNAMES Occupational

5. TYPES OF EUROPEAN SURNAMES Locational

6. TYPES OF EUROPEAN SURNAMES Descriptive or nicknaming

7. TYPES OF EUROPEAN SURNAMES Patronymic

8. IRISH SURNAMES? What is “Irish”? Racial? Ethnic? Geographic? Political? Gaelic = Patronymic

9. BEFORE IRISH SURNAMES BEGAN Pre 10th century - “Ua”, grandson - “Mac”, son Not hereditary in the modern sense The Uí Néill

10. BEFORE IRISH SURNAMES BEGAN From: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/uineill.htm: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/uineill.htm

11. WHEN DID IRISH SURNAMES BEGIN? Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh, lord of Aidhne in Co. Galway in the year 916

12. WHY DID IRISH SURNAMES BEGIN? Multiple origins All Ó or Mac/Mc Top down Europe-wide process Why?

13. THE ROOTS OF IRISH SURNAMES Prefixes Gil-, Kil-, Gilly-: Giolla (servant/devotee) Mull-, Mol -: Maol ( bald,tonsured)

14. THE ROOTS OF IRISH SURNAMES Descriptives Duff, Duffy: Dubh (black/dark) Tracy (Ó Treasaigh): Treasach (war-like) Traynor (Mac Threinfhir): Treán (strong)+ fear (man)

15. THE ROOTS OF IRISH SURNAMES Occupations Cleary (Ó Cléirigh): cleireach ( clerk) Ward (Mac an Bhaird): bard McGowan (Mac Gabhainn): gabhann ( smith) Breheny (Mac an Bhreithiún): breithún (judge) Murphy (Ó Murchú): mura (sea) + cú (hound)

16. THE ROOTS OF IRISH SURNAMES Locational (rare) Yourell (d'Oirghialla): Oriel Brosnan (Ó Brosnacháin): Brosna Corbally (de Corbaile) Cultra (Cúil Trá):Back strand Galbally(de Gallbhaile): Gall (foreign)+ Baile (homestead)

17. MURPHY Murchadh (sea-warrior) Mac Murchadha (Ulster) Ó Murchadha (elsewhere)

18. KELLY Ceallach (bright?, trouble?) Ó Ceallaigh

19. MOLONEY Ó Maol Dhomnaigh (Clare) Mac Giolla Dhomnaigh (Ulster) - (McEl)Downey Ó Maolfhachtna (Tipperary - Loughney) Ó Maolanfaidh (Cork - Molumby)