1. Scottsdale, AZ September 26, 2012 Western Underground Fall Conference Scottsdale, AZ September 26, 2012 Existing Primary Cable Fault Locating and Testing A Measured Approach Presented by Jerry L. Landers The Von Corporation

2. Primary Cable Fault Locating Radar Assisted Also Known As: Arc Reflection/ARM Radar Time Domain Reflectrometer

3. Generic Radar Signatures (Understanding TDR’s Riser Bond)

4. Initial and Fault Traces

5. Sectionalizing Practice: Refusing

6. SECTIONALIZING OPTIONS FAULT INDICATORS FAULT INDICATORS RECLOSING RECLOSING HIPOTING AT EACH TRANSFORMER HIPOTING AT EACH TRANSFORMER DIVIDE AND CONQUER DIVIDE AND CONQUER ARC REFLECTION ARC REFLECTION

7. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS INRUSH INRUSH VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS CABLE / INSULATION DEGRADATION CABLE / INSULATION DEGRADATION SPLICE DAMAGE SPLICE DAMAGE TERMINATION FAILURES TERMINATION FAILURES MOMENTARIES MOMENTARIES SYMPATHETIC CIRCUIT OUTAGES SYMPATHETIC CIRCUIT OUTAGES IMPROPER FUSING IMPROPER FUSING

8. OBJECTIVES RESTORE POWER QUICKLY RESTORE POWER QUICKLY ELIMINATE CABLE DAMAGE ELIMINATE CABLE DAMAGE ELIMINATE ACCESSORY DAMAGE ELIMINATE ACCESSORY DAMAGE PROTECT CUSTOMER DEVICES. PROTECT CUSTOMER DEVICES. ELIMINATE FUSING ERRORS ELIMINATE FUSING ERRORS REDUCE LABOR / MATERIAL COSTS REDUCE LABOR / MATERIAL COSTS ELIMINATE MOMENTARIES ELIMINATE MOMENTARIES ELIMINATE SYMPATHETIC OUTAGES ELIMINATE SYMPATHETIC OUTAGES

9. Initial Radar Trace with Transformers inline.

10. Radar Trace with Tranformers Marked

11. Radar Trace with Transformers and Fault Marked

12. Very Low Frequency Testing (VLF)

13. Today we are going to probe this issue Hopefully each of you will leave with the intention of being proactive Your Utility must answer this question To Test or not to Test?

14. Primary Cable Testing Is it necessary? What are the alternatives? Do nothing Injection Replacement strategy

15. Why Test Reliability issues Identify defective cables Diagnostic for cable replacement plan

16. For years utility engineers have been asked: How do we manage an aging underground infrastructure? How can we prolong the life or our older assets? By what means can we know which cables to replace?

17. Questions lead to More Questions

18. Non Destructive Testing Does it exist?

19. ON LINE ? OFF LINE ? ACDCVLFPD TAN DELTA

20. There are however alternatives and measured approaches. A first step is only the prelude to the next, Without the first the other steps can not be taken. A good first step is to realize you must do something. Secondly quit adding to the problem. Sub standard workmanship and or materials are time bombs waiting to explode. Find ways to limit or slow down the aging process.

21. Be Proactive Start Collecting Data Record Fault Activity Monthly Annually

22. Determine Type Cable Fault Splice Fault Termination Fault Dig In

23. Expand Parameters By Area By Cable Type By Age By Mfg

24. Identify Problem Areas Geography Critical Circuits

25. CONCLUSION After collection of the available information You will see what actions are indicated. There is no one size fits all or magic bullet. With fault activity types and frequency data. You are armed with enough information to meet with equipment suppliers and or testing providers to plan and budget your solutions.

26. I would like to thank The Western Underground Committee Management and Staff And YOU Travel Safe