1. Cells and Organelles The building blocks of Life
Mr. Carter’s Science Class

2. The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
New cells are only produced from existing cells.
Cells are made of chemical compounds and run on chemical reactions.
All Cells contain DNA.

3. Levels of Organization
1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells.
2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than cells.

4. Levels of Organization
1. List all of the levels of organization that are SMALLER than cells.
Protons,neutrons,electrons
Atoms
Compounds (or molecules)
Organelles

5. A Cell

6. Levels of Organization
2. List all of the levels of organization that are BIGGER than cells.
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Species
Ecosystem
Planet
Solar System
Galaxy
Universe

7. The 2 Basic Types of Cells
Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus and organelles
Examples: bacteria
Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)
Cells that DO have a nucleus and other organelles
Examples: plant cells, fungi cells, and animal cells

8. Cell Organelle
Specialized structures that perform specific functions in the cell are called organelles.
Organelle means “little organ”.

9. Organelle Name Physical Description: What the organelle looks like
Function: What the organelle DOES for the cell
Type of Cell: Which type of cell contains this organelle?
Analogy: If the cell were a factory, what would this cell organelle be and why?

10. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

11. Cell Wall
Physical Description: Thick, strong barrier around the cell made of indigestible carbohydrates.
Function: supports and protects the cell
Type of Cell: found in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells. NOT in animal cells.
Analogy: it is like the walls, ceiling, and floor of a factory because they protect the factory and support the structure.

12. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

13. Cell Membrane
Physical Description: thin, flexible barrier made of phospholipids around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)
Function: controls what enters and leaves the cell; support and protection
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the security guard of a factory because it controls what enters and leaves the cell

14. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

15. Cytoplasm
Physical Description: the fluid-like material inside the cell membrane that fills up the cell
Function: all cell organelles floar around in the cytoplasm; “cell jelly”
Site for chemical reactions
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the air of a factory

16. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

17. Nucleus
Physical Description: large organelle that is usually near the center; contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
Function: controls the cells activities by protecting the DNA
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy:it is like the office of a factory because that is where the boss is kept

18. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

19. Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)
Physical Description: double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus; has pores
Function: Protects the nucleus; pores allow material in and out of the nucleus.
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the office door of a factory because it lets things into and out of the office.

20. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

21. DNA
Physical Description: The nucleic acid found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells.
Function: controls the cells activities by controlling the making of proteins (protein synthesis).
Type of Cell: found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in prokaryotic cells.
Analogy: it is like the boss of a factory because he controlls the factory

22. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

23. RNA
Physical Description: The nucleic acid that copies the DNA and then makes proteins for the cell
Function: carries the DNA’s code and translates it into proteins.
Type of Cell: found inside the cytoplasm of all cells
Analogy: it is like the manager of a factory because she takes the boss’ orders to the workers.

24. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

25. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Physical Description: internal membrane system covered in ribosomes (so that it looks rough)
Function: assembles and modifies proteins made in the ribosomes
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory

26. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

27. Ribosomes
Physical Description: very small, round structures either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm)
Function: makes proteins
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes AND some prokaryotes
Analogy: they are like the workers in a factory

28. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

29. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)
Physical Description: internal membrane system without ribosomes
Function: Assembles lipids and other components of the cell membrane
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the assembly line of a factory

30. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

31. Golgi Apparatus
Physical Description: stack of flattened membranes in the cytoplasm
Function: attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; send proteins to their final destination
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the shipping department of a factory because it packages and moves proteins

32. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

33. Lysosome Physical Description: small, round sacks in the cytoplasm
Function: breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into useable molecules; break down old or damaged organelles
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes BUT are very rare in plant cells
Analogy: it is like the janitor of a factory

34. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

35. Vacuole Physical Description: large, spacious sack in the cytoplasm
Function: stores materials for the cell (water, food, waste, etc…)
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes (usually one large vacuole in plants and many small vacuoles in animals)
Analogy: it is like the storage warehouse of a factory

36. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

37. Mitochondria
Physical Description: “bean-shaped” organelle that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae)
Function: use FOOD and Oxygen to make ATP (ENERGY) compounds for use by the cell
Type of Cell: found in all eukaryotes
Analogy: it is like the power plant or coal-burning furnace of a factory because it makes the energy for the cell

38. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

39. Chloroplast
Physical Description: flattened discs that contains chlorophyll (a green pigment). Looks like a stack of green pancakes.
Function: use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE sugar molecules through photosynthesis
Type of Cell: found in plant/algae cells
Analogy: it is like the solar panels of a factory because they trap the sun’s light and turn it into useful sugars for the cell.

40. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

41. Cytoskeleton
Physical Description: a network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm; made of microtubules (microscopic beams)
Function: helps support the cell and maintain its shape; moves organelles within the cell; aids in cell movement
Type of Cell: found in all cells
Analogy: it is like the support beams and cranes of a factory

42. Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell

43. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Cell Wall
Are angular
Chloroplasts
No Centrioles
Lysosomes are rare
1 Large Vacuole
No Cell Wall
Are roundish
No Chloroplasts
Centrioles
Lysosomes are common
Several Small Vacuoles

44. Job of Cells
The main job of all cells is to make proteins, grow, and eventually reproduce.
Different cell types do different things
Protein production:
Ribosome 
Endoplasmic Reticulum 
Golgi Apparatus 
Final Destination of the Protein (may be outside of the cell)

45. All cells are made up of 4 molecules
3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel.
Fats (lipids)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
The 4th are found in all living things.
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

46. Group Examples Functions
Functions of the Four Major Groups of Organic Molecules
Group
Examples
Functions
Carbohydrate
Glucose 
Cellulose
Glycogen
Short term energy source
Structure of plants
Lipids
Fats and oils
1. Components of membranes
Long term energy storage
Insulation
Proteins
Enzymes  Sucrase and lactase  Keratin  Collagen
Organic catalysts  Digestive enzymes  Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin 
Nucleic acids
DNA 
RNA  ATP
1. Information molecule
Molecule of heredity
Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis
immediate source of energy for cellular work
Enzyme is a protein which speeds up the rate of chemical reaction without being destroyed by the reaction.