1. Lawrence G. Roberts CEO Anagran lroberts@anagran.com September 2005 Enabling Data-Intensive iGrid Applications with Advanced Network Technology

2. Copyright Anagran 2005 Switching Alternatives Packet RoutingRoute Every Packet Individually, Queue by Priority – High Cost per bit Single route per destination, 40% utilization, Best Effort QoS Flow RoutingLookup Flow State, Route if start of flow, Switch rest of flow – Lower cost Multiple routes per destination, 80% utilization, Full QoS Optical SwitchingSwitch without transceivers. Route by session, No queuing – lowest cost Low utilization for normal traffic, Full QoS Optical Switched CoreFill Lambda with Flow Router, Select best route per flow Flow Routed Edges High Utilization for all traffic, Full QoS, Lowest Overall cost

3. Copyright Anagran 2005 Cost Trends for Network Components Flow Routing Packet Routing Communications DWDM changed the slope of communications cost 1969 Crossover when Packet Routing became cost effective ARPANETNSFNETCOMMERICAL CSNET 2010 Crossover where Lambdas become less expensive than two packet router ports Uncertainty INTERNET HISTORY

4. Copyright Anagran 2005.5 Mbps Economics of Flow Routing vs Packet 8 Ports are of Highest Speed Available in that Year Flow Routing Packet Routing Flow Too CostlyFlow Less Expensive 17 Mbps.5 Gbps 15 Gbps 440 Gbps.Router Capacity Flow Memory Too Expensive Flow Lookup Reduces Expense

5. Copyright Anagran 2005 Flow Routing Improves Trunk Utilization Total utilization averages 83% with FSA vs. a US Internet average of 27% utilization Variance of IP Traffic Very High Variance is reduced as the Square Root of the rate controlled flows IP Packet Router- 16 Queues: Variance reduced 4:1 IP Flow Router- 1 M Flows rate controlled per 10 Gbps: Variance reduced 1000:1 Queuing Formula Results

6. Copyright Anagran 2005 Flow Routing Allows Multiple Path Load Balancing This network has 4 equal-cost (3 hop) paths from A to B A Packet Router must send all A-B traffic on the “best” route (red) to keep packets in order The “best” route may change from time to time as the load changes, hurting voice A Flow Router can send each flow over a different near-equal-cost route (flow in order) It can then load balance the network, sending each flow over the best available route It keeps track of 16 near-equal-cost routes, their load, capacity and jitter Thus instead of overloading any link, the network can be used to the maximum capacity If the “best” path changes, but a flow is on a functional path, it need not be move This avoids gaps in Voice and Video A B Assuming the main load is from A to B a FSA Router would have twice the capacity from A-B compared to a packet router

7. Copyright Anagran 2005 Total Cost for Switched Communications Service Network cost above includes Lambda cost and the router or switch ports at both ends Lambda (Optical) Switching is considered as zero cost Utilization varies with each switching method – estimates Optimal Strategy is to use Optical Switch Core and Flow Routed Edges to raise utilization Uncertainty Flow Routing Packet Routing Lambda Switching If Lambda switching achieves 35% utilization, crossover with packet is in 2005 2011 Crossover where Lambda Switching becomes less expensive then Packet Switching Lambda Core, Flow Edge

8. Copyright Anagran 2005 Flow Routed Edge Supports Grid into Lambda-Net DWDM Flow Router Server Flow Routers can interconnect at low cost to support >1000 Servers They support all Level 3 features for security and routing They provide Guaranteed Rate paths on demand for high throughput They can route flows on every available near-equal-cost path Path selection avoids flows interrupting other flows Server Utilization is typically twice that of packet routing Trunk Utilization is optimized at 80% by routing flows, not sessions or packets Optical Switched Network