1. BONE LANDMARKS Bone landmarks are specific locations at which major muscles, ligaments, or other connective tissue attach. The following will familiarize you with basic landmarks and their specific locations on bones.

2. Surface Markings on Bones Depressions & Openings  Foramen  Rounded opening through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass  i.e. Foramen magnum of the skull  Fossa  A broad, shallow depressed area.  Depression in or on a bone  i.e. Olecranon fossa of the humerus

3. Projections  Process  A relatively large projection or prominent bump.  Any prominent roughened projection  i.e. Mastoid process of temporal bone  Condyle  A large, rounded articular process.  A large convex prominence  i.e. Medial/lateral condyle of femur  Epicondyle  A projection near to a condyle but not part of the joint.  A projection located just above a condyle  i.e. Medial/lateral epicondyle of femur  Head  Rounded projection supported on the neck of the bone  i.e. Head of the humerus

4.  Tuberosity  A projection or bump with a roughened surface  Large rounded, usually rough, process  i.e. Radial tuberosity of the radius  Tubercle  A projection or bump with a roughened surface, generally smaller than a tuberosity.  Small rounded bones  i.e. Greater tubercle of the humerus  Trochanter  One of two specific tuberosities located on the femur. femur  Very large blunt projection  i.e. Greater trochanter of the femur  Crest / Spine  Prominent border or ridge on a bone  i.e. Crest of the ilium

5. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 2 Foramen i.Foramen magnum  base of skull  superior to the first vertebra (atlas)  spinal cord & circulatory vessels pass through N/A ii.Obturator foramen  inferior portion of pelvis  located on either side of symphysis pubis Text 25

6. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 8 Fossa i.Glenoid fossa  lateral border of the scapula  superior to infraglenoid fossa  insertion for head of humerus Text 21 ii.Supraspinous fossa  posterior of scapula  superior to spine of scapula  origin of supraspinatus muscle Text 21 iii.Infraspinous fossa  posterior of scapula  inferior to spine of scapula  origin of infraspinatus muscle Text 21 iv.Subscapular fossa  anterior of scapula  central location of scapula  origin of subscapularis muscle Text 21

7. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 8 fossa continued v.Olecranon fossa  posterior side of humerus  distal end of humerus  where the olecranon process of the ulna fits into Text 22 vi.Coranoid fossa  anterior side of humerus  distal end of humerus  superior to trochlea  it accommodates the coronoid process of ulna when the elbow is flexed Text 21 vii.Intercondylar fossa  posterior side of femur  distal end of femur  medially located between medial & lateral condyles Text 26 vii.Radial Fossa

8. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 5 processes i.Coracoid process  anterior of scapula  lateral side Text 21 ii.Acromion process  posterior of scapula  lateral side, end of scapular spine Text 21 iii.Styloid process  anterior of radius, distal end  posterior of ulna, distal end  will articulate with carpals  *PALPABLE* Feel it ! Text 23 iv.Olecranon process  posterior of ulna  proximal end of ulna  articulates into fossa of humerus Text 23 v.Coranoid process  anterior of ulna  proximal end of ulna Text 23

9. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 4 condyles i. & ii. Medial condyle  posterior of femur, distal end  anterior of tibia, proximal end Text 26, 27 iii. & iv. Lateral condyle  posterior of femur, distal end  anterior of tibia, proximal end Text 26, 27 4 epicondyles i. & ii. Medial epicondyle  anterior & posterior of humerus, distal end  anterior & posterior of femur, distal end Text 22, 26 iii. & iv. Lateral epicondyle  anterior & posterior of humerus, distal end  anterior & posterior of femur, distal end Text 22, 26

10. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 3 heads 3 heads i.Head of humerus  proximal end of humerus  articulates with glenoid fossa Text 22 ii.Head of femur  proximal end of femur  articulates with acetabulum Text 26 iii.Head of fibula  proximal end of fibula Text 27 4 tubercles i.Greater tubercle ii.Lesser tubercle  proximal end of humerus  inferior to greater tubercle Text 22 iii.Infraglenoid tubercle iv.Supraglenoid tubercle  inferior to glenoid fossa  superior to glenoid fossa Text 21

11. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 4 tuberosities 4 tuberosities i.Deltoid tuberosity  lateral border of humerus  middle of bone shaft Text 22 ii.Radial tuberosity  medial border of radius  inferior to head @ proximal end Text 23 iii.Ischial tuberosity  laterally located on inferior pelvis  part of the ischium Text 25 iv.Tibial tuberosity  anterior of tibia, proximal end  where patellar tendons attach Text 27 2 trochanters i.Greater trochanter ii.Lesser trochanter  inferior to head on femur  more posterior than anterior  proximal end of femur Text 26

12. LandmarkAnatomicalDescriptionPageReference 9 crests/spines i.Iliac crest  superior border of pelvis Text 25 ii. & iii. Posterior iliac spines  superior & inferior spines  medially located on pelvis  articulate with the sacrum Text 25 iv.Ischial spine  posterior of pelvis  medially located on ischium Text 25 v.Anterior crest of tibia  more lateral then medial on tibia Text 27 vi.Scapular spine  posterior side of scapula  runs from medial border to acromion process Text 21