1. Interfacing Devices Chapter 2

2. Objectives Identify the schematic diagrams, describe the operations, and calculate the outputs of the comparator, inverting, summing, noninverting, and difference operational amplifiers (op amps) Identify the schematic diagrams of the integrator and differentiator op amps and draw the output waveforms they produce when various input signals are applied

3. Objectives (cont’d.) Given applied input signals, indicate the resulting output of the digital comparator device Describe the wave-shaping capability and operating characteristics of a Schmitt trigger Determine how optoelectronic devices are switched and explain the isolation function they perform

4. Objectives (cont’d.) Explain the operation of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, determine their resolution, and make the proper wiring connections to their integrated circuit packages Assemble monostable and astable multivibrators using a 555 monolithic integrated circuit and use calculations to determine their output

5. Fundamental Operational Amplifiers Op amps –uA741: one of the most popular Operational amplifier comparator Inverting operational amplifier –Control gain using feedback

6. Fundamental Operational Amplifiers Summing amplifier –Two or more inputs are tied together and then applied to an input lead of an op amp FIGURE 2-5 Inverting summing amplifier

7. Fundamental Operational Amplifiers Noninverting amplifier –Equation used to determine the gain: –Output voltage: Difference operational amplifier –Finds the algebraic difference between two input voltages

8. Signal Processors Devices that change or modify signals applied to inputs Integrator operational amplifier –Continuously increases its gain over a period of time Differentiator operational amplifier –Produces an output proportional to the rate of change of the input signal

9. Signal Processors (cont’d.) Wave-shaping Schmitt trigger –Device that produces rectangular wave signals –Operation: three time periods FIGURE 2-10b Schmitt trigger

10. Comparator Devices Function: produce an output error signal that is determined by the difference between the two inputs Magnitude comparator –Compare two binary numbers –4-bit magnitude comparator Connect several to compare larger numbers

11. Optoelectronic Interface Devices Pass electrical signals from one element to another by means of light energy and semiconductors –Light source: usually a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) Photodiode –PN-junction device that operates in the reverse-bias mode

12. Optoelectronic Interface Devices (cont’d.) Phototransistor –Depends on a light source for its operation Photo SCR –Light-activated SCR, or LASCR –Usually activated by light rather than a gate voltage that draws gate current

13. Optoelectronic Interface Devices (cont’d.) Photo triac –Bidirectional device designed to switch AC signals and pass current in both directions Optocoupler –Package does not allow light to enter Optoisolator –No electrical connection between the emitter and the detector

14. Digital-to-Analog Converters Convert digital signals representing binary numbers into proportional analog voltages Resolution –Number of equal divisions into which a DAC divides the reference voltage Integrated-circuit digital-to-analog converter –Example: 8-bit DAC0808

15. Analog-to-Digital Converters Converts analog input voltages into proportional digital number Successive-approximation register (SAR) –Circuit used to operate at high speeds Integrated-circuit analog-to-digital converter –Example: ADC0804

16. Timing Devices Produce rectangular signals referred to as square-wave signals Monostable multivibrators –Produce single pulse signals –Example: 555 monostable multivibrator Astable multivibrators –Produce continuous pulse signals –Example: 555 astable multivibrator