1. Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 6: The United States Navy, 1815- 1860: The Search for Professionalism

3. Course of the War – 1812: Cruise of Commodore Rodgers' squadron unsuccessful. Single-ship engagements won by Americans: USS Constitution versus HMS Guerriere Captain Isaac Hull USS United States versus HMS Macedonian Captain Stephen Decatur USS Constitution versus HMS Java Captain William Bainbridge Superiority of U.S. ships, training, and commanders is evident. Naval victories increase morale and support. Congress authorizes expanded naval building program. Unsuccessful American invasion of Canada. Detroit occupied by British and Indians - threat to NW Territory.

4. Commodore Rodgers’ Cruise – 1812:

5. USS Constitution versus HMS Guerriere

7. USS Constitution versus HMS Guerriere 19 August 1812

8. USS Constitution “Old Ironsides”

10. USS United States versus HMS Macedonian

11. Course of the War -- 1813 British Strategy Victories in Europe allow movement of ships and troops from Europe to America. Increase blockade on American ports. Raid American coasts. USS Chesapeake versus HMS Shannon Lawrence: “Don’t give up the ship” Great Lakes Campaign

12. Captain James Lawrence USS Chesapeake “Don’t give up the ship!”

13. USS Chesapeake versus HMS Shannon

14. 1 June 1813

15. Great Lakes Campaign -- 1813 British supply forces via St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes. Control of communications routes on the lakes is necessary. Lake Ontario Commodore Isaac Chauncey and Commodore Sir James Yeo. Shipbuilding race and lack of initiative lead to stalemate. Lake Erie Oliver Hazard Perry Flagship: Named USS Lawrence in honor of fallen friend. Transfers flag to Niagra mid-battle Defeats British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie. “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” British forces cut off from supplies. General William Henry Harrison receives Perry’s message, recaptures Detroit, and defeats British and Indians at the Battle of the Thames. Indian leader Tecumseh is killed and NW Territory secured for U.S.

16. Great Lakes Campaign:

17. Oliver Hazard Perry Commander American Lake Erie Squadron 1813

18. Captain Robert Barclay Commander British Lake Erie Squadron 1813

19. Perry’s Battle Flag - USS Lawrence Battle of Lake Erie

20. Oliver Hazard Perry

22. Battle of Lake Erie Perry transfers flag from Lawrence to Niagara.

24. Battle of Lake Erie: 10 September 1813 “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” Oliver Hazard Perry

25. Course of the War – 1814: British blockade of American ports - highly effective. American Navy unable to sortie. U.S. economy in decline due to reduced maritime commerce. Washington Campaign British forces raid Chesapeake. Washington burned. Baltimore -- Fort McHenry - Star Spangled Banner. Militia and gunboats very ineffective for coastal defense. Battle of Lake Champlain near Plattsburg. Commodore Thomas MacDonough Remembers Nelson’s tactics at the Battle of the Nile. British invasion of New York from Canada. British defeated and retreat to Canada. Star Spangled Banner (Fort McHenry)

26. “…that the flag was still there…” Major George Armistead, the commanding officer at Fort McHenry requested a flag "... so large that the British will have no difficulty in seeing it from a distance..." to be flown over the Fort. On Sept. 13, 1814, Francis Scott Key visited the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes, who had been captured after the burning of Washington, D.C. The release was secured, but Key was detained on ship overnight during the shelling of Fort McHenry, one of the forts defending Baltimore. In the morning, he was so delighted to see the American flag still flying over the fort that he began a poem to commemorate the occasion.

27. 11 September 1814 Battle of Lake Champlain

28. USS Lake Champlain (CG 57)

29. Peace and Aftermath: Great Britain agrees to peace. American victories at Lakes Erie and Champlain. American privateers capture British merchants. Treaty of Ghent -- 24 December 1814 “Status Quo Ante Bellum” British end impressment of American seamen. Battle of New Orleans -- 1815 Occurred after peace treaty signed. Gunboats delay British at Lake Borgne. British defeated by General Andrew Jackson’s makeshift army. Victories in Creek War and at New Orleans - emerges as national hero.

31. Naval Contributions: Victory on the lakes: Lake Erie: Restores American control of Northwest Territory. Lake Champlain: Prevented invasion of New York. Created stalemate. Commerce Raiding Ultimately ineffective. BUT - Plays a factor in British agreement to peace. Single ship engagements: Superiority of American shipbuilding and command. Boost to national morale. BUT - Ineffective against British blockade. British sea power’s effectiveness increased throughout the war as French were defeated on continental Europe.

32. Summary -- War of 1812: British view as a “Limited War”. Americans view as: A struggle to end British-supported Indian attacks. An attempt to acquire Canada. An assertion of the nation’s neutral rights against British interference. Main Theatres Atlantic Effective British blockade of US ports. Gunboat policy fails to prevent British raids. Great Lakes U.S. wins control of sea lines of communication. British forced to retreat.

33. Sea Power and Maritime Affairs Lesson 6: The United States Navy, 1815- 1860: The Search for Professionalism

34. Learning Objectives: The student will comprehend the influence of European events upon American trade and naval policy during this period. The student will understand and be able to explain the term “Battle of Annihilation.” The student will know the background of Jefferson’s defensive naval strategy including the use of gunboats and forts. Know the causes and naval operations of the Napoleonic Wars.

35. Learning Objectives: The student will know (recall) operations against the Barbary corsairs during this period. The student will comprehend the main factors of the European war and their effect on causing the War of 1812. The student will understand and be able to explain the term “Guerre de Course.” The student will know the U.S. and British Naval Strategy during the war.

36. Learning Objectives: The student will comprehend the Great Lakes campaign and its importance to the U.S. war effort. The student will comprehend (compare and contrast) the naval strategies of Rodgers and Decatur. The student will comprehend the significance of the Washington and New Orleans campaigns. The student will know the contributions of the U.S. Navy during the war of 1812, and assess the state of the Navy after the Treaty of Ghent

37. Next time: The United States Navy, 1815-1860: The Search for Professionalism

38. Learning Objectives: Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period. Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815-1860. Comprehend the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S maritime interests. Know the technical advances used in the Crimean War and lessons learned.

39. Period of Expansion Monroe Doctrine -- 1823 No European colonization or intervention in the Americas. Manifest Destiny “Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” John L. O'Sullivan, 1845

40. Anglo-American Friendship: Monroe Doctrine sprung from British interest to prevent Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) from grabbing Spanish colonies Began to see eye-to-eye with erstwhile Mother Country Love, peace, and harmony…kind of

41. Continuing Problems with Barbary States:

42. Barbary Wrap-Up: Algerian Dey up to old tricks Madison sends Decatur back to Med after Treaty of Ghent MFN - Sets standard for US maritime pacts in 19th century The Golden Age of “Gunboat Diplomacy” Decatur: “The settlement has been dictated at the mouths of our cannon.”

43. Monroe’s “Gunboat Diplomacy”: Increase in Size Anglo-American Cooperation Monroe Doctrine (1823) Squadron Deployment From periodic scourge to worldwide policeman

44. POP QUIZ: “Gunboat Diplomacy” was the Naval predecessor to what other term we have discussed at length? Answer: “What is Power Projection”? (I’ll take “America kicking ass around the globe” for 300, Al…)

45. Board of Commissioners: Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812 Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board” Congress does so in 1815 John Rodgers Isaac Hull David Porter

46. Naval Warfighting Doctrine: Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”. Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas - “Showing the flag.” Overall Doctrine Focus on Commerce Raiding - “Guerre de Course”. Command of the sea -- de-emphasized. Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at entrances to ports.

47. Initial Squadrons (1826): Mediterranean West India Brazilian Pacific East India (1835)

48. Permanent U.S. Navy Squadrons:

49. Home Squadron Atlantic coast. Mediterranean Squadron Barbary states’ tribute demands. West Indies Squadron David Porter battles Caribbean and Gulf Coast piracy. Brazil Squadron Enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine. African Squadron Enforcement of ban on the slave trade (Enacted in 1807). Pacific Squadron Chile and Peru, later Hawaii - protection of whaling fleets. East Indies Squadron Protect expanding U.S. trade in Asia. Permanent Squadrons:

50. West Indies Squadron: Spanish degenerates to outright piracy Monroe turns to Navy 1821 Adams-Onis Treaty WI Squadron cleans out Caribbean Based in Key West James Biddle, David Porter 1841 Absorbed into “Home Squadron”

51. Pacific Squadron Isaac Hull Anglo-American relations Dolphin to Hawaii Peacock to Honolulu MFN

52. President Andrew Jackson

53. Jackson’s Naval Diplomacy “...standing armies dangerous to free governments in time of peace.” Enough ships to protect commerce But Bellicose in action

54. Sumatra: Natives in Qualla Battoo raided American merchant Friendship Potomac captained by John Downes Amphibious landing in Qualla Battoo slaughter Jackson: publicly praises

55. The Falkland Islands: Argentine governor Louis Vernet Prosecutes illegal seal poacher Harriet Lexington, Captain Silas Duncan in Montevideo Raids the Falklands Buenos Aries cuts of diplomatic ties with US President “entirely approves of [Duncan’s] conduct

56. Turkish-American Treaty- 1830 Most Favored Nation status Opened Black Sea to American merchantmen Confirmed principle of extra-territoriality Guranteed humane treatment of shipwrecked sailors Set standard for 19th century American diplomacy outside of Europe

57. 1837- Handoff to Martin Van Buren: 21 ships Five Squadrons All operating away from the Atlantic Coast Anglo-American friendship Van Buren not interested in Navy Depression 1837 Secretary of Navy James K. Paulding kind of a dud

58. A word on Science and Technology...

59. Industrial Revolution (1750-1830): Affects naval technology. Propulsion:Sailto Steam Armor:Woodto Iron Weapons:Solid Shotto Shell

60. Steam Power: James Watt -- Steam Engine advances made in 1770’s. Robert Fulton - Steam-driven “paddle wheelers”. Clermont - 1807 First practical steamship. Demologos (Fulton) - 1814 First steam warship. Engines and paddles take gun space and are vulnerable to attack. M. F. Maury, Robert Stockton and M.C. Perry: Leading naval advocates for steam power. Fulton II - 1837 -- Commanded by M.C. Perry. Mississippi and Missouri - 1842. Princeton - 1842-43 “Screw” propeller warship. Stockton brings John Ericcson from Europe to design. All machinery below decks. Merrimack - class “fast screw” frigates - 1850’s. European navies also develop steam power and screws.

61. Robert Fulton

62. USS Mississippi

63. USS Princeton (1842-43):

64. Battle of Vera Cruz M.C. Perry’s Flagship USS Mississippi

65. Wilkes Expedition 1838-1842: Lieutenant Charles Wilkes Six-ship squadron. Gathers scientific knowledge. Charted much of the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, and North American West Coast. Recognized growing importance of the Pacific. Increasing trade with Asia.

66. The “Wilkes Expedition” August 1838 - July 1842

67. Matthew Fontaine Maury Pathfinder of the Seas “Father of Naval Oceanography” Studies of weather and currents allow preparation of detailed navigation charts.

68. Back to the action... - Manifest Destiny - - The Mexican-American War - - The Ante-Bellum period -

69. “Tippecanoe and…” Abel P. Upshur SECNAV under President Tyler Tyler Doctrine: No one colonizes Hawaii Bureau System Continued Naval Increase Guerre de Course

70. The “Bureau System”: Secretary of the Navy Upshur -- 1841-42 Proponent of expansion, modernization, and reform. Five “bureaus” established to replace the Board of Commissioners in 1842. Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repair Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Bureau of Provisions and Clothing

71. “We have tried every effort at reconciliation… But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States (Rio Grande), has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil…. The two nations are at war.”

72. Mexican-American War (1846-48): Republic of Texas Independent from Mexico: 1836. Annexed by United States: 1845. Southern border in dispute with Mexico. General Zachary Taylor Operations against Mexican Army in Texas - 1846. Picking a fight 25 April 1846: clash on the border

73. Gulf of Mexico - 1847 SECNAV George Bancroft Home Squadron David Connor Blockade, bombardment, amphibious assault Where is the guerre de course? We are the stronger power! Kept to our guns “Free ships make free goods” Legal blockades...pretty boring

74. Gulf of Mexico – 1847: U.S. Navy establishes command of the sea. Blockade and capture of Mexican ports. Marines used as a garrison force. Combined Army-Navy operations at Vera Cruz. Commodore M.C. Perry takes command of Home Squadron Amphibious landing including Marines. General Winfield Scott marches to Mexico City. Accompanied by a regiment of Marines. Marines in the Battle of Chapultepec. “The Halls of Montezuma”

75. General Winfield Scott

76. Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry

77. Battle of Vera Cruz:

79. Pacific Squadron: Initially under Commodore John Sloat. Monterey and San Francisco captured by joint American forces - Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. Commodore Robert Stockton - Los Angeles. California and Oregon occupied by the end of the war.

80. Battle of Monterey

81. General Zachary Taylor

85. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – 1848: Rio Grande established as Texas-Mexico border. Western United States ceded from Mexico. Mexico kept Baja (lower) California

86. Crimean Peninsula The Crimean War (1853-56)

87. Crimean War 1854-56: Russian invasion of Ottoman Empire in Europe. Battle of Sinop Russian fleet annihilates Turkish fleet by use of shell fire. Proves wooden-hulled ships are obsolete -- unable to withstand explosive shell fire. Great Britain and France allied with Ottoman Turks. Sevastopol Campaign Sailing ships inadequate compared to steam ships for maneuver. Importance of proper planning and coordination of amphibious assaults. Kinburn Ironclad armor on French ships used for protection.

88. Secretary of Navy James C. Dobbin: Hagan: “godfather of modern American Sea Power” Modernized fleet in order to maintain “our proper and elevated rank among the great powers of the world.”

89. U.S. Navy Expedition to Japan – 1854: Acquisition of California and Oregon - 1848. U.S. is now a power in the Pacific Ocean. Japan Island nation closed to foreign influence. Commodore M.C. Perry U.S. Navy squadron to Japan - 1853. Returns to Tokyo Bay - 1854. Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854 Protection of American seamen. Two ports opened to American shipping.

91. USS Susquehanna Commodore Perry’s Flagship during mission to Japan.

92. Armor: Korean “Turtle” Ships Japanese-Korean War 1592-1598 Iron deck on galleys provided protection from boarding and projectiles. French ironclad frigate Gloire - 1859. 36 guns in broadside. 5,600-tons displacement. Wooden hull with iron armor plating. British ironclad battleship Warrior - 1860. 40 guns in broadside. 9,000-tons displacement. Iron hull with iron armor plating. First “modern” warship -- sometimes referred to as first battleship.

93. HMS Warrior Portsmouth, England First “Modern” Warship

94. Ordnance: USS Princeton ordnance demonstration - 1844. Ericcson’s “Oregon” and Stockton’s “Peacemaker”. “Peacemaker” improperly reinforced. Explosion kills six, including the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. U.S. naval ordnance development suspended. John Dahlgren -- “Father of Modern Naval Ordnance” “Dahlgren Gun” - 1850’s. Nine inch shell gun. Mounted on Merrimac - class frigates. Bore is smooth - still inaccurate at longer ranges. Experiments with “rifled” cannon begin.

96. Father of Modern Naval Ordnance John Dahlgren

97. The “Peacemaker”

98. Conclusion: 1815-1860 Period of U.S. territorial and commercial expansion. Navy grows after War of 1812. Supports American trade overseas. Relative peace throughout period. U.S. -- defensive and isolationist policy for Europe. Popular support of Navy slowly declines. Experiments with new naval technologies.

99. Learning Objectives: Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period. Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815-1860. Comprehend the Wilkes and M. C. Perry expeditions and assess their importance to U.S maritime interests. Know the technical advances used in the Crimean War and lessons learned.

100. HOMEWORK: Battle of the Nile Battle of Trafalgar Crimean War Battle of New Orleans

101. FOR NEXT CLASS: HOMEWORK: -The Battle of the Nile -The Battle of Trafalgar -The Battle of Monterey -The Crimean War -The Battle of New Orleans QUIZ WILL COVER FOLLOWING MATERIAL: -The American Revolution, 1775-1783: Part of a Larger Struggle -The U.S. Navy in the Napoleonic Era, 1783-1815 -The United States Navy 1815-1860: The Search for Professionalism

102. Next time: The Civil War