1. Organic Chemistry (Chapter 3)
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 

2. Carbon
Carbon’s 4 valence e- make if ideal for bonds: endless combinations of proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
Carbon forms the skeleton of most organic molecules
Forms stable bonds!
Diverse: Carbon chains vary in length and shape; can form chains or rings

3. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things
Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

4. Some organic molecules

5. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - the area that participates in chemical reactions
Functional group is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
R = the remainder of the molecule, the carbon skeleton
Pg 39

6. alcohols
acids
bases

7. One carbon chain, single bonds; 2 functional groups
Functional groups help determine function by determining bonds and therefore shapes of molecule.
The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right
One carbon chain, single bonds;  2 functional groups

8. You should know their base names:
They are alphabetical: a, e, y
1, 2, 3 bonds
ALKANE
 consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds
C- C- C -C -C
ALKENE  
consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond  
C = C - C
ALKYNE
consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

9. QOD Why is carbon so important to organic molecules?
What is the significance of functional groups?
Name the 4 macromolecules.

10. ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

11. Careful, those words are so similar!
Isotopes: atoms with same protons but different neutrons
ex: Carbon-12 and Carbon-13
Ion: charges atom- lost or gained an electron
Isomer: same molecular formula, different structure

12. What is a
MACROMOLECULE

13. What do these words mean?
Micro
MACRO

14. Biological Macromolecule
All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

15. Next Word…..
Polymer

16. MANY
"Poly"
Polygons
Polyester
Polygamy
Means...

17. What does “Mono” mean? 1

18. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN THE CARS A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
THE CARS
A NECKLACE
EACH PEARL
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

19. MACROMOLECULES -   Monomers link together to form polymers
one unit many units  
Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together
Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

20. Dehydration- requires energy, releases water
Hydrolysis- releases energy, requires water

22. Oxidation Involves Loss Reduction Involves Gain
Reaction Types
Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water
Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O
Redox Rxn– electron transfer reactions
           
Oxidation Involves Loss
Reduction Involves Gain
OIL   RIG

23. Some Molecules

24. MACROMOLECULES important to life
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
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25. Daily energy supply! pasta, potatoes, cereal, grains
1. CARBOHYDRATES CHO
monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose fructose, galactose C6H12O6
disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides
- starch (plants)  and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers
- cellulose & chitin are structural polymers              
Daily energy supply!
pasta, potatoes, cereal, grains

27. animal
Both are glucose polymers
plant

28. 2. Lipids C, H, O Phospholipids -
Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* 
Fats* & Oils are made of subunits (monomers) – glycerol and fatty acids 
Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection
Phospholipids - 
Important structural component of the cell membrane 

29. Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

30. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature;
Unsaturated fats have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

31. Fats
Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body.
Saturated fats: meats, cheese, somewhat unhealthy
Unsaturated fats: healthy, found in plants
Trans fats: very unhealthy fats

33. Lipids and Fatty Acids

34. 3. Proteins C, H, O, N Monomer: amino acids
Two amino acids make a dipeptide
Polymers: polypeptides which are joined by peptide bonds 
Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue
Support, Enzymes, Transport,
Defense, Hormones, Motion

36. Proteins have four shapes
1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain 2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet) 3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous) 4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

37. Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later)
- all but primary structure is easily destroyed
There are 20 known amino acids

38. Proteins

39. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Monomer: nucleotide
Polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Each nucleotide consists of:
1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
2.  A phosphate
3.  A nitrogen base           
- adenine           
- thymine           
- guanine           
- cytosine           
- uracil (in RNA)

41. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

42. a. carbohydrate b. lipids c. protein d. nucleic acids
MATCHING
a.  carbohydrate     b.  lipids c.  protein               d.  nucleic acids
1.  contains adenine and thymine 2.  lactose 3.  chains of amino acids 4.  long term energy storage 5.  cholesterol 6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7.  plant cell walls
7. Cellulose = carbohydrate