1. Water supply: Will our taps run dry?
Lower Secondary Geography 2014
Name: _________________________
Class: ________
Date: _________

2. Section 2: Which locations in the world are facing water shortage
Section 2: Which locations in the world are facing water shortage? Why does water shortage occur? Learning outcomes (things you need to know about this topic!)
Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Part 2: Identify countries and regions which are facing water shortage using graphs, maps and tables.
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.

3. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Earth is also known as the ‘water planet’ with 71% of the earth’s surface covered with water. However does that mean that all the water available is suitable for human consumption?
No!
Concept: 97.2% of Earth’s water is SALTWATER (ocean water) and 2.8% is FRESHWATER which humans can consume. Saltwater is too salty for humans to drink or use.
97.2%
2.8%

4. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
68.6%
97.2%
Breakdown of freshwater
Concept: out of this 2.8% of drinkable freshwater,
68.6% is found in ice caps and glaciers
30.1% is groundwater
Only 1.3% is surface water
30.1%
2.8%
1.3%

5. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Concept: out of this 1.3% of surface water,
87% is found in lakes
11% is found in swamps
2% is found in rivers

6. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Saltwater -- Oceans
Location of oceans on the world map

7. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Groundwater
Freshwater in underground storages
Groundwater (water that is stored underground in the soil and underlying rocks)
When rain falls to the ground, some of the water infiltrates the ground (permeates through the soil) until it reaches a layer of solid rock
The water then fills up the empty spaces and cracks above that layer of rocks
When all these spaces are filled, the ground is filled with water  this water is aka groundwater
Groundwater storage increases as more water infiltrates deep into the ground

8. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Groundwater
Location of groundwater storages on the world map

9. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Ice caps and glaciers
Freshwater in surface storages
Ice caps, glaciers, rivers and lakes
Ice cap: a thick, continuous mass of ice which covers large areas of land
Glacier: a body of ice that moves down a slope due to gravity. Glaciers form when snow accumulates and is compacted to form ice
GLACIERS
ICE CAPS

10. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Ice caps, glaciers, rivers and lakes
Location of ice cap and glaciers on the world map

11. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Rivers
A river is a large natural stream of fresh water flowing along a definite course into another water body
Source of a river may be a lake, spring or melting glacier
Drainage basin: as the river flows downstream, precipitation, groundwater and other smaller streams add to the flow. These smaller streams: tributaries. River system: river + tributaries.
End of a river = mouth
At the mounth, the river flows into another boedy of water (lake, ocean etc.)

12. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Rivers

13. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Lakes
A lake = a body of water occupying a hollow in the earth’s surface

14. Part 1: Describe the global distribution of water using maps.
Freshwater -- Lakes

15. REGION: Northern Africa
Part 2: Identify countries and regions which are facing water shortage using graphs, maps and tables.
REGION: Northern Africa
COUNTRIES: M_______, Algeria, E______, Libya
WHY IS THERE A WATER SHORTAGE? : Natural factors
- very low average r________ (below 250mm per year)
* climate change will make this situation worse  more evaporation & reduced infiltration  smaller groundwater supply

16. REGION: C________ China
Part 2: Identify countries and regions which are facing water shortage using graphs, maps and tables.
REGION: C________ China
STATES: Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, S________
WHY IS THERE A WATER SHORTAGE? : Human factors
Rapid industrialisation & agricultural use
*large scale w_______ p_________ also caused by factories releasing chemicals & waste into rivers

17. COUNTRIES: Uzbekistan, Kazakstan
Part 2: Identify countries and regions which are facing water shortage using graphs, maps and tables.
REGION: Central Asia
COUNTRIES: Uzbekistan, Kazakstan
WHY IS THERE A WATER SHORTAGE? : Human factors
Rapid industrialisation & agricultural use
Diversion of water from the Aral Sea for large-scale i__________  has caused the Aral Sea to dry up

18. Causes of water shortage
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.
Affluence
Water pollution
Causes of water shortage
Demand
factors
Supply factors
Who/ what causes a lot of water to be used?
Do we receive very little water to begin with?
Increasing population
Seasonal rainfall

19. Demand factors – Affluence
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.
Demand factors – Affluence
Example: Developed countries (USA, Singapore, Japan etc.)
Ornamental & leisure purposes
More meat consumed
How does increased affluence lead to water shortage?
Water used for ornamental and leisure purposes, more goods purchased ( a lot of water is needed to manufacture goods like clothes etc), more water intensive products used (dishwasher etc), more meat consumed, piped water (in showers etc)
Eg: developed countries like USA, Europe, Japan, Singapore
Water intensive products
More goods are purchased & manufactured
More piped water

20. Demand factors – Increasing population
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.
Demand factors – Increasing population
Example: Shijiazhuang, China
Population of about 2.3 million  much water needed for agriculture & production of animal products
How does an increasing population lead to water shortage?
With increasing need for food, water consumption for agriculture and production of animal products will subsequently increase.
Eg: Shijiazhuang in china (new slide)
The city has to pump groundwater heavily using deep wells (as deep as 200m!) to obtain enough water

21. Monsoon season (period of exceptionally high rainfall)
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.
Supply factors – Seasonal rainfall
Example: India
Monsoon season (period of exceptionally high rainfall)
How does seasonal rainfall lead to water shortage?
Seasonal rainfall= rainfall that is unevenly distributed throughout the year; this leads to certain periods in the year left very dry without as much rain
Eg: India
Seasonal rainfall (rainfall that is unevenly distributed throughout the year) leads to certain periods in the year left very dry without much rain

22. Supply factors – Water pollution
Part 3: With reference to named examples, explain the causes of water shortage.
Supply factors – Water pollution
Example: Ganges river in India
- Largest river in India – more than 400mil people living along the river
Where does the pollution mainly come from?
Waste dumped by
Nearby industries that lack w_____ t______________ facilities
Nearby towns without proper waste management systems
- The river provides water for d___________, b__________, i___________ and is also seen as a sacred river.
Pollution: introduction of substances into the environment that results in unpleasant or damaging effects to the environment and human health
Common pollutants: garbage, chemicals, waste water  originate from human, industrial, agricultural activities
Eg: water in the ganges river
Result: Water in the Ganges river has turned brown and has high levels of Chronium and other harmful chemicals