1. PALESTINE UNIVERSITY
BUILDING MATERIAL
chapter No.#4
Steel

2. STEEL General
Steel is a structural material which consists mostly of iron and carbon. It can, however, contain other additives which might change the steel's properties. Steel can be hot rolled or cold formed into structural shapes, such as the familiar "I" beam known today as a wide flange. Steel has the same strength in tension as it has in compression, unlike concrete.

3. STEELGeneral There are some tests for steel must be applied as :
tension test: this test used to measure the material properties of a steel (or really any material, for that matter),
Beam bending test: this test used to measure the material properties of a specimen and the effectiveness of the orientation of the beam.

4. STEELGeneral
Some types of steel are specifically for use in fabricating large structures. They are called ‘high-strength low alloy’ or HSLA steels. These steels are:
much stronger and tougher than ordinary carbon steels
ductile
highly formable
weld able
Highly resistant to corrosion - which is important since the structure may be in place for a long time.

5. STEEL Why HSLA Steels are Strong:-
The starting point in achieving the desirable properties of structural steels is to get the composition of the alloy right. The extra strength can be achieved through various combinations of alloying elements which means that there can be some choice in the other properties that the steel will have.
A typical HSLA steel will contain about 0.15% carbon, 1.65% manganese and low levels (under 0.035%) of phosphorous and sulphur and additions of other elements:

6. STEEL Microstructure of HSLA steels
The strength of all steels, including HSLA steels, comes from their microstructure. Strength is increased by:
increasing the amount of pearlite
increasing the fineness of the grains structure
increasing the amount of hard precipitate.

7. STEEL Chemical Composition of Structural Steels
The primary types of structural steel are usually classified according to the following chemical composition categories:
Carbon-manganese steels
High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels
High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels

8. STEEL whose primary chemical components are carbon and
Carbon manganese Steels
whose primary chemical components are carbon and
manganese in addition to iron, are referred to as carbon steels or mild structural steels. The materials of this type are generally least expensive; they have quite adequate strength and ductility characteristics, and are therefore by far the most widely used grades. One of the most prominent of these steels are ASTM grade A36, with a specified minimum yield stress of36 ksi.

9. STEEL High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels
represent a relatively recent development in steelmaking. The higher strength (42 to 65 ksi) is achieved by adding small amounts of additional chemical elements. Two of the most common HSLA steels are ASTM grade A572 and A588.
High-strength quenched and tempered alloy steels:-
used for structural purposes are essentially available only as grade A514 today. With a yield stress level of 90 to 100 ksi, the increase in strength is achieved through heat treatment. A514 is available only in plate form, up to 6 inches thick.

10. STEEL some elements used in structural steels:
Carbon (C)
Manganese (Mn)
Aluminum (Al)
Chromium (Cr)
Columbium (Cb)
Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Nickel (Ni)
Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S)
Silicon (Si)
Vanadium (V)
Other chemical elements

11. STEELSteel Alloys
Steel Alloys can be divided into five groups
Carbon Steels
High Strength Low Alloy Steels
 Quenched and Tempered Steels
Heat Treatable Low Alloy Steels
Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Carbon steels are normally classified as shown below.

12. STEEL classification of Carbon steel
Low-carbon steels:-
contain up to 0.30 weight percent C. The largest category of this class of steel is flat-rolled products (sheet or strip) usually in the cold-rolled and annealed condition. The carbon content for these high-formability steels is very low, less than 0.10 weight percent C, with up to 0.4 weight percent Mn.  For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the carbon content may be increased to approximately 0.30 weight percent, with higher manganese up to 1.5 weight percent.

13. STEEL classifications of Carbon steel
Medium-carbon steels:-
are similar to low-carbon steels except that the carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60 weight percent and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65 weight percent. Increasing the carbon content to approximately 0.5 weight percent with an accompanying increase in manganese allows medium-carbon steels to be used in the quenched and tempered condition.

14. STEEL classifications of Carbon steel
High-carbon steels:-
contain from 0.60 to 1.00 weight percent C with manganese contents ranging from 0.30 to 0.90weight percent.

15. STEEL classifications of Carbon steel
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels,
or micro alloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties than conventional carbon steels. They are designed to meet specific mechanical properties rather than a chemical composition.  The chemical composition of a specific HSLA steel may vary for different product thickness to meet mechanical property

16. STEEL classifications of Carbon steel
Requirements. The HSLA steels have low carbon contents (0.50 to ~0.25 weight percent C) in order to produce adequate formability and weld ability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0 weight percent. Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium, and zirconium are used in various combinations.

17. STEEL Structural Steel Sections
Steel Material with Large Cross-section
Steel material with large cross-section

18. STEEL Structural Steel Sections
Thin Steel Plate:-

19. STEEL Structural Steel Sections
Tee Bares

20. STEEL Structural Steel Sections
Flat bares
Square bares
Round bares
Hexagon bares
Square tubing

21. STEEL Structural Steel Sections
Round Shafting
Honed Shafting
I Beam Section

22. STEEL Structural Steel Sections

23. STEEL Market forms of Steel
Bar Size Shapes
Structural-Size Shapes
"W" Shapes
"HP" Shapes
"L" Shapes
"S" Shapes
"C" Shapes
"M" Shapes
"MC" Shapes

24. STEEL Basic Definitions
The nominal loads and load combinations shall be as stipulated by the applicable code under which the structure is designed or dictated by the conditions involved. In the absence of a code, the loads, including impact and crane loads, and load combinations, shall be those stipulated in ASCE 7. For design purposes, the loads stipulated by the applicable code or ASCE 7 shall be taken as nominal loads.

25. STEEL Loads

26. STEEL Trusses
Trusses are structures composed entirely of two force members . They consists generally of triangular sub-element and are constructed and supported so as to prevent any motion.

27. STEEL Trusses

28. STEEL
END