1. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1-1: What is Science

2. What science is and is not…
KeyC#1: The goal of science is to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions
Investigate
Explain
Make predictions
Three features of science:
1. In the context of the natural world
2. Data collection is organized (look for patterns/connections)
3. Must be testable by looking at evidence
Def: Science—an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world.

3. Thinking like a scientist
Scientific thinking:
Def: Observation—use of senses to gather information (data) in an orderly fashion
Data:
Quantitative—expresses as numbers (counting/measuring)
Qualitative—descriptive characteristics (cannot be counted)
What are some examples of quantitative vs. qualitative?
Scientists use data to make inferences.
Def: Inference—logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience (ex. water in reservoir)

4. Explaining and Interpreting Evidence
After initial observations of the natural world, researches will propose a
Def: Hypothesis—proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations
Hypotheses rise from:
Prior knowledge
Logical inference
Informed, creative imagination
Must be testable. Can be ruled out or supported/confirmed.

5. Science as a way of knowing
The best scientists are skeptics
Don’t be afraid to ask questions.
Questions both existing and new hypotheses.
There are limits to science and definite lines that should not be crossed. What do you think determines where these lines are drawn?
First question in the bible: Genesis 3:1
“Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God had made. He said to the woman, ‘Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?’”

6. Writing assignment: Where is the line?
Write a paragraph (5 complete sentences, TS, 3 SS, CS) explaining why Jenner’s research methods might have been controversial and whether you support/challenge his methods.
Edward Jenner video

7. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1-2: How scientists work

8. Designing an experiment
First: Ask a question. (i.e. how did maggots get on the meat? Spontaneous generation?)
Def: Spontaneous generation: life from non-living matter
Second: Form a hypothesis. (i.e. maybe maggots come from flies)
Remember: observe and propose an explanation
Setting up a controlled experiment
Variables: factors that can change (i.e. equipment used, materials, temperature, light, time)
KeyC#1: Whenever possible, a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables should be kept unchanged, or controlled.
Controlled experiment:
Manipulated variable: changed by the researcher
Responding variable: changes in response to the manipulated variable
Let’s look at Figure 1.8 (Pg. 9)

9. Designing an experiment cont’d…
Recording & Analyzing Results:
Always keep a record of your data (hard copy/digital)
What types of data can we observe?
Drawing a conclusion:
Data is used to refute for support the hypothesis.
Remember: have integrity! Do not manipulate your data!
Repeating experiments:
Your work is a contribution to the science community
Let’s look at Figure 1-11, pg. 12
How did Pasteur’s test add to Redi’s experiment? What was his conclusion?

10. When experiments are not possible
Other ways of testing a hypothesis:
Field studies
Clinical studies (i.e. cancer- causing chemical)
How a theory develops:
Well supported hypothesis can become a theory
Def: Theory—well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
Remember: a theory cannot be considered as absolute truth. Why?

11. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1-3: Studying life

12. Characteristics of living things
Def: Biology—The science that employs the scientific method to study living things
KeyC#1: Living things share the following characteristics…
Made up of units called cells
Reproduce
Based on a universal genetic code
Grow and develop
Obtains and use materials and energy
Respond to their environment
Maintain a stable internal environment
Change over time
Cells = smallest unit of an organism
Sexual (two gametes fuse)/Asexual reproduction (identical copy)
DNA stores all genetic information
Cell division and differentiation (can non-living things “grow”?)
Metabolism (using energy) How do living things obtain energy? Producers and consumers.
Stimuli illicit responses
Homeostasis: constant balance between internal and external
Theory of evolution (micro to macro)

13. Big Ideas in Biology: Timeline of our learning…
Science as a way of knowing
Interdependence in nature
Matter and energy
Cellular basis of life
Information and Heredity
Unity and diversity of life
Evolution
Structure and Function
Homeostasis
Science, Technology, and Society
What idea are you most excited about learning?
Think like a scientist
All living things connected in the biosphere “living planet” “ball of life”
Chemicals of life, photosynthesis, cellular respiration
Cell growth, division
Genetics, DNA
Different organisms: bacteria, viruses, mammals
Micro, macro evolution, creationism
Anatomy/physiology
Interweaved throughout the chapters
Advances in science, biotechnology, bioethics

14. Branches of Biology
KeyC#2: Some of the levels at which life can be studied include:
Molecules
Cells
Groups of cells
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
Complete your flowchart! Hole punch and keep in your handouts divider! 
Biology is a part of your every day life! (p. 22)
Groups of atoms, chemical compounds
Smallest unit of life
Tissues, organs, organ systems
Individual living thing
Same time of living thing (group)
Populations of different organisms
Community and its surroundings
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems

15. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1-4: Tools and procedures

16. A Common Measurement System
KeyC#1: Most scientists use the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments.
Metric System
Decimal system
Based on physical standards
Scaled on multiples of 10
Let’s look at figure 1-21 (p. 24)
How do scientists collect data??
What is the purpose of a graph or table?
Lllamas have higher affinity for bonding oxygen even in the presence of less oxygen at high altitudes. (8-12k ft above sea level, 40% O2)

17. Microscopes
Microscopes—devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye
KeyC#1: Light microscopes produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays. Electron microscopes produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.
Read Appendix D!
Light Microscopes:
View living things 1000x magnified
Electron Microscopes:
View smaller non-living or dead samples with more detail than light micro.
TEM: inside of cells
SEM: surface of cells

18. Laboratory Techniques
Cell culturing: growing a single cell into many cells (cell culture)
Cell fractionation: separate cell parts (blend & centrifuge)