1. Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology!
Section 1-1: What in the world is Science?!?!?!

2. The goal of science is to investigate and understand the ______________, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make ___________________
natural world
useful predications
To simplify, science is
an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

3. Science can also just refer to the
knowledge scientists have complied
Scientific thinking usually starts with ________________
an observation
An observation is just gathering info in an orderly way

4. There are 2 main types of data:
_______= the information gathered through observations
There are 2 main types of data:
qualitative and quantitative

5. Quantitative = results from experiments that use __________________________— numerical data  can be used to make graphs, tables, or charts.
counts or measurements
Qualitative =____________________—written descriptions of what scientists observe.
observational data

6. Inference
____________ = a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience

7. So we have made our observation, now what?
Scientists come up with a ______________ – a proposed explanation for a set of observations
Hypothesis’ must be able to be tested – some through ________________________ and some through further collection of data
hypothesis
controlled experiments

8. Biology can be considered a way of knowing – it is an ongoing process because things continue to change (we don’t leave things alone!!!)
Biological research can lead to all sorts of different things;
new medical treatments, new sources of fuel, different uses for waste

9. Can science answer all questions
Can science answer all questions?  some questions just don’t seem to apply to science: good vs. evil
skeptics
Good scientists are __________– they question both existing and new hypothesis  they always want to know more

10. Section 1-2:
How Scientists Work

11. Observations lead to questions – we need a way to test those questions
Observations lead to questions – we need a way to test those questions. That’s where an experiment comes in.
The basic steps in designing an experiment:
1. Ask the question
2. Form a hypothesis from the question
3. Set up a controlled experiment
4. Record and analyze results
5. Draw a conclusion

12. To help understand each step, let’s look at some well-known experiments from history
Aristotle came up with the idea that living things could come from nonliving things – he said there were special “vital” forces that brought this about – this became known as
This idea persisted for a while – it was only challenged some 400 years ago
spontaneous generation

13. These ideas were questioned because of simple observations: maggots on meat, mice on grain, beetles in poo
Redi, an Italian physician, came up with a different hypothesis as to why maggots appear on meat __________ His idea was that flies laid tiny eggs that produced the maggots
(step 1)
(step 2)

14. Redi came up with a controlled experiment
(step 3)
Controlled experiment = an experiment in which only _______________ is changed at a time  all others are kept unchanged
one variable
(controlled)

15. The variable being tested is the
The variable that changes in response to being manipulated is the
independent variable
dependent variable
Redi predicted that keeping flies away from meat would prevent maggots, so the variable he changed was the flies access to the meat

16. He set up meat in 2 sets of jars – most factors were the same: the jar, type of meat, location, temp, time – the only thing that changed was
the gauze over the jar

17. Redi recorded his data in notebooks for future generations of scientists
(step 4)
supported
Redi’s finding ___________ his hypothesis – if the flies couldn’t get to the meat, there were no maggots
(step 5)

18. A key assumption in science is that experimental results can be
reproduced
Experiments are often repeated to make sure that results are
valid

19. Sometimes it’s not always possible to do an experiment to test a hypothesis
Field studies
_______________ are used as a way to make observations and gather further information to help support a hypothesis

20. When there is enough evidence from several investigations and a hypothesis is very well supported it is considered
Some people might try to criticize something because it is “just a theory”, but in science, a theory is
a theory
a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

21. Section 1-3:
Studying Life!

22. We ask questions all the time; how, what, when, where, why?
This is exactly what biologists do – they ask questions about living things
Biology is just the study of life
Bio =
Logy =
life
the study of

23. So how do we classify living things; what characteristics do they have?
All living things (___________) share the following characteristics, they are:
organisms

24. 1. Are made up of units called cells
_______ = a collection of living matter enclosed by a _____________ that separates the cell from its surroundings
barrier

25. 2. Reproduce
_____________________ = cells from 2 parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism
______________________= the new organism has a single parent  it divides in half to form 2 new organisms
Sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction

26. 3. Based on a universal genetic code
Organisms inherit traits from their parents through
This code determines the inherited traits of every organism on Earth
DNA – the genetic code

27. 4. Grow and develop
For some single-celled organisms, _________ is just an increase in size
All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism =
growth
development

28. 5. Obtain and use materials and energy
Organisms need material and energy just to stay alive!
_____________= the combo of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials during life processes
Metabolism

29. 6. Respond to their environment
_________= a signal to which an organism responds
Organisms can react to both _____________________ stimuli
Stimulus
internal and external

30. 7. Maintain a stable internal environment
_______________ = the process by which organisms keep internal conditions constant for survival
Organisms go to great lengths to maintain conditions (temp and water content)
Homeostasis

31. 8. As a group, change over time
It can take _________________________ of years for these changes to really be apparent
Ex. Desert plants have evolved and adapted to living in very hot, dry climates
hundreds or thousands

32. Since there is a very large range of living things, there are many branches of Biology
Some of the levels that biology can study are…
Biospheres
Molecules
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Cells
Ecosystems
Groups of cells

33. Section 1-4:
Tools and Procedures

34. Scientists use all sorts of tools to help make observations and _____________________
take measurements
We need a _________________ _________________ so that scientists all over the world can understand it
common system
of measurement

35. A revised version of the metric system is the metric system
The ________________ is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of
A revised version of the metric system is the
metric system 10
International System of Measurement (SI)
Measurement
Unit
Symbol
Length
meter m
Mass
kilogram kg
Time
second s
Temperature
Kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole
mol

36. Microscopes
_______________= devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the naked eye

37. ____________________ produce an image by focusing visible light rays
Light microscopes
Compound light microscopes use ______ lenses to form an image
They can magnify an object by about
two
1000 times

38. ______________________ produce an image by focusing beams of electrons
Images can get 1000 times more detailed than that of a light microscope
Electron microscopes
There are 2 main types of electron microscopes:
transmission electron (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM)

39. TEMs shine a beam through a thin specimen –
used to view details in the specimen
SEMs scan the beam across the surface of the specimen –
can create
3D images of the surface of the specimen

41. Clothing Protection Safety
__________ should always be practiced as biologists work with a variety of materials, living and dead
Lab safety
Eye Safety
Sharp Object Safety
Chemical Safety
P – reference page for safety procedures
P.1068 in book – reference page for safety symbols
Clothing Protection Safety