1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 18 Social Change And Modernization Section 1: Explaining Social Change Section 2: Modernization

2. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Objectives:  Summarize the theories that social scientists have offered to explain the process of social change.  Explain how the theories on social change have evolved. Section 1: Explaining Social Change

3. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 3 Theories of Social Change  Cyclical  Spengler – four stages: childhood, youth, adulthood, old age  Sorokin – fluctuation between ideational culture (spiritual) and sensate culture (scientific) with idealistic culture in the middle Section 1: Explaining Social Change

4. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 4 Theories Of Social Change  Evolutionary  early – the progress through distinct stages toward complexity  modern – tendency to go along many paths toward increasing complexity Section 1: Explaining Social Change (continued)

5. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 5 Theories Of Social Change  Equilibrium  Parsons – occurs as society adapts to maintain stability after a change in one area; involves differentiation and integration Section 1: Explaining Social Change (continued)

6. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 6 Theories Of Social Change  Conflict  Marx – results from class conflict and revolution  Dahrendorf – results from social conflicts of all forms Section 1: Explaining Social Change (continued)

7. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 7 How Theories of Social Change Evolved  Older theories focused more on describing social change and suggested that all societies follow similar patterns of development  Modern theories provide for different patterns of development and focus more on why societies change Section 1: Explaining Social Change

8. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 8 Objectives:  Contrast the views of modernization theory and world-system theory on modernization in less-developed nations.  Identify some of the positive and negative effects of modernization on social life and the natural environment. Section 2: Modernization

9. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 9 Modernization Theory Versus the World-System Theory  Modernization theory – argues that less- developed countries will eventually modernize  World-systems theory – argues that the concentration of wealth and power in core nations slows modernization in less-developed countries Section 2: Modernization

10. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 10 Positive Effects of Modernization  Improved standard of living  Longer life expectancies  Lower birthrates  Higher rates of literacy  Decrease in economic and social inequality  More personal comforts  Improved infrastructure  Electricity and communication technology  Establishment of educational institutions Section 2: Modernization

11. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 11 Negative Effects of Modernization  Loss of some traditional authority for the family and religion  Weaker social relationships and increased feelings of social isolation  Moral and ethical questions  Some environmental problems  Some health problems Section 2: Modernization